Abstract
The experiment was carried out in order to evaluate the effects of trace element immobilizing soil amendments, i.e., chalcedonite, dolomite, halloysite, and diatomite on the chemical characteristics of soil contaminated with Cr and the uptake of metals by plants. The study utilized analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA) and Factor Analysis (FA). The content of trace elements in plants, pseudo-total and extracted by 0.01 M CaCl2, were determined using the method of spectrophotometry. All of the investigated element contents in the tested parts of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) differed significantly in the case of applying amendments to the soil, as well as Cr contamination. The greatest average above-ground biomass was observed when halloysite and dolomite were amended to the soil. Halloysite caused significant increases of Cr concentrations in the roots. The obtained values of bioconcentration and translocation factors observed for halloysite treatment indicate the effectiveness of using Indian mustard in phytostabilization techniques. The addition of diatomite significantly increased soil pH. Halloysite and chalcedonite were shown to be the most effective and decreased the average Cr, Cu and Zn contents in soil.
Highlights
The problem of contamination of the natural environment results largely from the enrichment of soils, waters and the air with trace elements (TEs), which are introduced into the environment as a result of anthropogenic activity—above all, the extraction of raw materials, the combustion of fossil fuels, treatment of sewage, storage of waste and industrial production [1,2]
Our findings suggest that, based on the ofobtained two important major i.e., bioconcentration factor (BCF) in and translocation factor (TF), the set of mineral additives
Our findings suggest that, based on the values of two important major and the proposed set of mineral additives and plants (Indian mustard) form a system suitable for Cr phytostabilization
Summary
The problem of contamination of the natural environment results largely from the enrichment of soils, waters and the air with trace elements (TEs), which are introduced into the environment as a result of anthropogenic activity—above all, the extraction of raw materials, the combustion of fossil fuels, treatment of sewage, storage of waste and industrial production [1,2]. Since soil components have a high capacity for retaining contaminants, the soil environment is one of the main recipients of TEs. In connection with the above, ecologically friendly techniques for the phytoremediation of TE-contaminated soil, among others using plants, have begun to appear and develop intensively over the last three decades [3]. Low solubility and creating permanent complexes in soil limit the phytoremediation of TEs from a contaminated environment [4,5]. Applying phytomanagement in the form of phytostabilization is a suitable, economical and environmentally friendly technique, which facilitates the decreased threat to the natural environment connected with increased values of TEs [6]. Phytostabilization relies on, among others, permanent plant cover which may alleviate erosion and surface runoff [7], as well as minimizing the mobility and availability of TEs in the environment, preventing their transfer to subsequent links of the food
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