Abstract
In this study, we reviewed the climate changing and the impact on crop production, and evolutionary breeding as adaptation key to crop resilience. The increasing climate change impact on the agriculture system has renewed interest to the broadest possible germplasm base for a resilient and sustainable food system. Heterogeneous populations developed through evolutionary plant breeding could be the ideal solution to reduce the effects of environment variability on cereal crop planted under low-input conditions.The study assessed the genetic basis of adaptation of a barley population which evolved in different rainfed locations and years in Jordan without any human selection as suggests model of plant breeding strategy to improve food security, nutrition, income and resilience of smallholder farmers in the dryland regions in the climate change scenarios. The study suggests that the breeder can shift the undesirable traits in evolutionary populations by practicing individual selection for specific adaptations, or individual selection from populations showing wide adaptations and high stability. On the other hand, the breeder can overcome the undesirable traits by keeping the highest variations within the population by seed sieving to remove small seed and plant mowing for tallest head.
Highlights
We reviewed the climate changing and the impact on crop production, and evolutionary breeding as adaptation key to crop resilience
The Poaceae family evolved 50–70 million years ago (Mya) Huang et al(2002) Wang et al (2011) and wheat, barley and oats grouped under the sub-family Pooideae which diverged around 20 Mya Inda et al (2008), that found in the Fertile Crescent in the human Neolithic sites, which are dated to _8500 calibrated years B.C
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), is one of the most important and earliest crops in Neolithic agriculture El-Hashash and El-Absy (2019), and barley grains have been found at various archaeological sites in the Fertile Crescent Diamond, J.(1998), Wang et al (2011)
Summary
The Poaceae family (grasses) evolved 50–70 million years ago (Mya) Huang et al(2002) Wang et al (2011) and wheat, barley and oats grouped under the sub-family Pooideae which diverged around 20 Mya Inda et al (2008), that found in the Fertile Crescent in the human Neolithic sites, which are dated to _8500 calibrated years (cal.) B.C. Badr et al (2000),Diamond (2002), Salamini et al (2002) Morrell et al (2003), Willcox G. (2005),Feldman and Kislev (2007). Jordan is characterized by three distinct ecological systems: (i) the Jordan Valley which forms a narrow strip located below the mean sea level, and has Concept And Rationale of Evolutionary Barley Breeding Under Climate Change in Jordan warm winters and hot summers with irrigation mainly practiced in this area; (ii) the western highlands where rainfall is relatively high and climate is typical of Mediterranean areas; and (iii) the arid and semiarid inland to the east (estimated to cover over 80% of the total area), known as the “Badia”, where the annual rainfall is below 50 mm. A number of studies emphasized the adverse effects of climate change in Jordan, where precipitation would be significantly decreased with a reduction in frequency and duration of rainy days as shown in Map 2, whereas temperature would be significantly increased Black (2009), Saba et al (2014), Atashi et al (2020) This will cause a reduction in crop yield and will threaten livestock sector. Different experiment provides a strong justification for evolutionary plant breeding to both self- and cross-pollinated crops
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