Concentrations of nitrogen compounds are related to severe rhinovirus infection in infants. A time-series analysis from the reference area of a pediatric university hospital in Barcelona.

Abstract

BackgroundThere is scarce information focused on the effect of weather conditions and air pollution on specific acute viral respiratory infections, such as rhinovirus (RV), with a wide clinical spectrum of severity.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to analyze the association between episodes of severe respiratory tract infection by RV and air pollutant concentrations (NO x and SO2) in the reference area of a pediatric university hospital.MethodsAn analysis of temporal series of daily values of NO x and SO2, weather variables, circulating pollen and mold spores, and daily number of admissions in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with severe respiratory RV infection (RVi) in children between 6 months and 18 years was performed. Lagged variables for 0–5 days were considered. The study spanned from 2010 to 2018. Patients with comorbidities were excluded.ResultsOne hundred and fifty patients were admitted to the PICU. Median age was 19 months old (interquartile range [IQR]: 11–47). No relationship between RV‐PICU admissions and temperature, relative humidity, cumulative rainfall, or wind speed was found. Several logistic regression models with one pollutant and two pollutants were constructed but the best model was that which included average daily NO x concentrations. Average daily NO x concentrations were related with the presence of PICU admissions 3 days later (odds ratio per IQR‐unit increase: 1.64, 95% confidence interval: 1.20–2.25)).ConclusionsThis study has shown a positive correlation between NO x concentrations at Lag 3 and children's PICU admissions with severe RV respiratory infection. Air pollutant data should be taken into consideration when we try to understand the severity of RVis.