Abstract
Ecological viticulture represent an upward trend in many countries. Unlike conventional viticulture, it avoids the use of chemical fertilizers and other additives, minimizing the impact of chemicals on the environment and human health. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of nanofiltration (NF) process on volatiles and chemical composition of conventional and ecological Cabernet Sauvignon red wine. The NF process was conducted on laboratory Alfa Laval LabUnit M20 (De Danske Sukkerfabrikker, Nakskov, Denmark) equipped with six NF M20 membranes in a plate module, at two temperature regimes, with and without cooling and four pressures (2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5 MPa). Different processing parameters significantly influenced the permeate flux which increased when higher pressure was applied. In initial wines and obtained retentates, volatile compounds, chemical composition and elements concentration were determined. The results showed that the higher pressure and retentate cooling was more favourable for total volatiles retention than lower pressure and higher temperature. Individual compound retention depended on its chemical properties, applied processing parameters and wine composition. Nanofiltration process resulted in lower concentrations of ethanol, acetic acid (>50%), 4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol (>90%). Different composition of initial feed (conventional and ecological wine) had an important impact on retention of elements.
Highlights
Nanofiltration (NF) represents a pressure-driven, low energy and high-efficiency membrane separation technique [1,2,3]
Retentate temperature, volume and time were recorded in order to estimate the influence of applied pressure and temperature regime on permeate flux, final retentate temperature and volume reduction factor (VRF)
Every 4 min permeate volume was measured in order to calculate the permeate flux
Summary
Nanofiltration (NF) represents a pressure-driven, low energy and high-efficiency membrane separation technique [1,2,3]. NF membranes are produced from various materials, usually a strong polymer placed on a supporting layer Such membrane composition enables high selectivity and endurance during the nanofiltration process [4]. The retention of small molecules results in osmotic pressure increase on the membrane surface and high working pressure should be applied in order to ensure permeate flow, usually between 10 and 30 bar [7]. Membrane fouling leads to flux decrease and limits the use of a membrane, but it can lead to higher desirable compounds retention [9]. These properties enable the application of nanofiltration membranes in various industries: water and wastewater industry, dairy, sugar, beverage, pharmaceutical industries and others [2]. It has been widely used for various juices concentrations and correction of juice chemical composition [6,8,15,16]
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