Abstract
Abstract. Based on the high-resolution measurement of black carbon (BC) at the Qomolangma (Mt. Everest) Station (QOMS, 28.36∘ N, 86.95∘ E, 4276 m a.s.l.) from 15 May 2015 to 31 May 2017, we investigated the seasonal and diurnal variations in BC and its potential source regions. Both monthly and daily mean BC concentrations reached the highest values in the pre-monsoon season and the lowest values in the monsoon season. The highest monthly and daily mean BC concentrations were at least 1 order of magnitude higher than the lowest concentrations. For the diurnal variation, the BC concentrations remained significantly high from late at night to morning in the pre-monsoon season. Meanwhile, the westerly winds prevailed during this period, implying the potential for pollutants to be transported across the Himalayas from long-distance sources to QOMS along the valley. In the monsoon season, the BC concentrations remained low but peaked in the morning and at noon, which might be caused by local emissions from cooking. By analyzing the simulation results from the backward trajectories of air masses and the fire spot distribution from the MODIS data, we found that the seasonal cycle of BC was significantly influenced by the atmospheric circulation and combustion intensity in the Mt. Everest region. The transport mechanisms of BC were further revealed using a WRF-Chem simulation during severe pollution episodes. For the pollution event in the monsoon season, BC aerosols in southern Asia were uplifted and transported to the Mt. Everest region by the southerly winds in the upper atmosphere. However, for the events in the pre-monsoon season, BC from northern India was transported and concentrated on the southern slope of the Himalayas by the northwesterly winds in the lower atmosphere and then transported across the Himalayas by the mountain-valley wind. A relatively smaller amount of BC from northwestern India and central Asia was transported to the Mt. Everest region by the westerly winds in the upper atmosphere.
Highlights
Black carbon (BC), resulting mainly from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels or biomass, has received much attention due to its influences on the environment and human health (Bond, 2004; Ramanathan et al, 2005; Anenberg et al, 2012)
There was a significant increase in the BC concentrations in winter, and the highest value occurred during the pre-monsoon season (923.1±685.8 ng m−3 in April)
This seasonal change was consistent with the previous studies of elemental carbon (EC, which is similar to BC) at Nepal Climate Observatory, Pyramid station (NCO-P, 27.95◦ N, 86.82◦ E, 5079 m a.s.l.) from March 2006 to February 2008 (Fig. 2b) (Marinoni et al, 2010) and at QOMS from August 2009 to July 2010 (Fig. 2c) (Cong et al, 2015a), indicating a similar BC source between the southern and northern sides of the Himalayas
Summary
Black carbon (BC), resulting mainly from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels or biomass, has received much attention due to its influences on the environment and human health (Bond, 2004; Ramanathan et al, 2005; Anenberg et al, 2012). In addition to greenhouse gases, it is seen as an important factor that may lead to global warming (Hansen et al, 2000; Jacobson, 2002; Bond et al, 2013; Ramanathan and Carmichael, 2008). BC can substantially absorb solar radiation and causes atmospheric heating (Jacobson, 2001; Ramanathan et al, 2005; Ji et al, 2015). X. Chen et al.: Concentration, temporal variation, and sources of black carbon tion (Oshima et al, 2012; Cooke et al, 2002; Jurado et al, 2008). When BC is deposited on snow and ice, it can significantly reduce the surface albedo (Flanner et al, 2007; He et al, 2017) and accelerate the melting of glaciers and snow cover, impacting the regional climate, hydrology, and water resources (Li et al, 2018; Ming et al, 2008; Ramanathan and Carmichael, 2008)
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