Abstract
Chicken meat and hen egg are very popular foodstuffs around the world and highly consumed as curry, fast food, processed food, etc. assuming a promising source of protein. In the present study, the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Hg, Mn, Fe, and Zn in nationally representative samples of chicken meat and hen egg were determined and found in the range of 0.03-2.73, 0.01-0.015, 0.025-0.67, 0.04-0.06, 0.01-0.015, 0.15-0.63, 2.50-38.6, and 1.02-19.4 mg/kg-fw, respectively. The results demonstrated that only Pb exceeded the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) for dietary food. Multivariate statistical analyses depicted that anthropogenic activities were the major source of heavy metals in the investigated foodstuffs. Human health risks associated with the dietary intake of these metals through the consumption of chicken meat and hen egg were evaluated in terms of estimated daily intake (EDI), non-carcinogenic risk of individual heavy metal by target hazard quotient (THQ), total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) for combined metals, and carcinogenic risk (CR) for lifetime exposure. The calculated values of EDI, THQ, TTHQ, and CR were below their respective permissible benchmarks indicating the safe consumption of the investigated foodstuffs with respect to heavy metal contamination.
Highlights
Owing to various natural and anthropogenic interventions, metals and metalloids are ubiquitous in our environment and their concentration is on a constant rise resulting from various familiar activities all around like application of fertilizer and pesticides in the arable land, household and industrial waste disposal, sewage sludge, and smelter stacks from mills and factories etc. (Islam et al, 2015a)
The concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Hg, Mn, Fe, and Zn were determined in three varieties of chicken meat and three varieties of hen egg collected from four wholesale markets of Dhaka, Bangladesh and summarized in Table S3 and Table S4, respectively
The concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Hg, Mn, Fe, and Zn in three varieties of chicken meat and three varieties of hen egg samples collected from one of the mostly densely populated cities in the world, Dhaka, Bangladesh were determined and potential human health risk was assessed in terms of estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), target hazard quotient (TTHQ), and carcinogenic risk (CR)
Summary
Owing to various natural and anthropogenic interventions, metals and metalloids are ubiquitous in our environment and their concentration is on a constant rise resulting from various familiar activities all around like application of fertilizer and pesticides in the arable land, household and industrial waste disposal, sewage sludge, and smelter stacks from mills and factories etc. (Islam et al, 2015a). (Islam et al, 2015a) Depending upon their nature and the amount and the extent of exposure, presence of these metals of heavy metals can cause both beneficial and harmful effects in human body and deserve attention (Shaheen et al, 2016a). Heavy metals have been classified into different groups including toxic (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, chromium, nickel, etc.), probably essential (vanadium), and essential (copper, zinc, iron, manganese, selenium, and cobalt) metals (Munoz-Olivas and Camara, 2001). Chromium exposure may cause severe respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hematological, hepatic, renal, and neurological effects, leading to death (Ullah et al, 2017). Metallic intake to human body via different pathway e.g. intake of food stuffs requires critical review
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