Abstract
Water quality control remains an important topic of public health since some diseases, such as diarrhea, hepatitis, and cholera, are caused by its consumption. The microbiological quality of drinking water relies mainly on monitoring of Escherichia coli, a bacteria indicator which serves as an early sentinel of potential health hazards for the population. In this study, an electronic nose coupled to a volatile extraction system (was evaluated for the detection of the emitted compounds by E. coli in water samples where its capacity for the quantification of the bacteria was demonstrated). To achieve this purpose, the multisensory system was subjected to control samples for training. Later, it was tested with samples from drinking water treatment plants in two locations of Colombia. For the discrimination and classification of the water samples, the principal component analysis method was implemented obtaining a discrimination variance of 98.03% of the measurements to different concentrations. For the validation of the methodology, the membrane filtration technique was used. In addition, two classification methods were applied to the dataset where a success rate of 90% of classification was obtained using the discriminant function analysis and having a probabilistic neural network coupled to the cross-validation technique (leave-one-out) where a classification rate of 80% was obtained. The application of this methodology achieved an excellent classification of the samples, discriminating the free samples of E. coli from those that contained the bacteria. In the same way, it was observed that the system could correctly estimate the concentration of this bacteria in the samples. The proposed method in this study has a high potential to be applied in the determination of E. coli in drinking water since, in addition for estimating concentration ranges and having the necessary sensitivity, it significantly reduces the time of analysis compared to traditional methods.
Highlights
Water quality coming from drinking-water treatment plants (DWTPs) continues being a worldwide problem, especially in developing countries [1]
As mentioned in materials and methods (Section 2.1), in the election of this final concentration, the limit required by the regulations was taken into account. When testing this limit concentration, we observed how the e-nose, certainly, distinguished between water samples with concentrations of up to 0.01 CFU/mL and separated them from water samples free of the bacteria. These results showed the ability of the e-nose to discriminate samples with very low concentrations of E. coli, which indicates that the sensitivity of the proposed methodology is optimal for the analysis of this type of samples, especially from the point of view of public health
100 mL of volume from drinking water samples for the determination of this bacteria, the results in the proposed methodology showed that the e-nose had a good sensitivity to detect the bacteria at the concentrations required by the standard
Summary
Water quality coming from drinking-water treatment plants (DWTPs) continues being a worldwide problem, especially in developing countries [1]. Deficiencies in water sanitation cause a serious impact on the population, as it affects health causing a large number of diseases caused by microorganisms [2]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), each year 3.4 million people, mostly children, die from water-related diseases [3]. This organization reported that more than 2.6 billion people cannot access to clean water of which is responsible for about. Water-associated diseases in developing countries are prevalent, they are a serious challenge in developed countries [5]
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