Computing thejth solution of a first-order query

Abstract

We design algorithms of “optimal data complexity for several natural problems about first-order queries on structures of bounded degree. For that purpose, we first introduce a framework to deal with logical or combinatorial problems R ⊂ I x O whose instances x ∈ I may admit of several solutions R(x) = {y ∈ O : (x,y) ∈ R}. One associates to such a problem several specific tasks: compute a random (for the uniform probability distribution) solution y ∈ R(x); enumerate without repetition each solution y j in some specific linear order y0 < y1 < ... < yn-1 where R(x) = {y0,...,yn-1}; compute the solution y j of rank j in the linear order <. Algorithms of “minimal data complexity are presented for the following problems: given any first-order formula and any structure S of bounded degree: (1) compute a random element of ; (2) compute the jth element of for some linear order of ; (3) enumerate the elements of in lexicographical order. More precisely, we prove that, for any fixed formula φ, the above problem (1) (resp. (2), (3)) can be computed within average constant time (resp. within constant time, with constant delay) after a linear (O(|S|)) precomputation. Our essential tool for deriving those complexity results is a normalization procedure of first-order formulas on bijective structures.