Computer-Controlled Cardiopulmonary Bypass Increases Jugular Venous Oxygen Saturation During Rewarming

Abstract

Background. Conventional roller pump apulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was compared with computer-controlled pulsatile bypass, which was designed to recreate biological variability (return of beat-to-beat variability in rate and pressure with superimposed respiratory rhythms). The degree of jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjvO 2) less than 50% during rewarming from hypothermic CPB was compared for the two bypass techniques. An SjvO 2 less than 50% during rewarming from hypothermic CPB is correlated with cognitive dysfunction in humans. Methods. Pigs were placed on CPB for 3 hours using a membrane oxygenator with alpha-stat acid-base management and arterial filtration. After baseline measurements and normothermic CPB, the animals were randomized to apulsatile CPB (n = 12) or computer-controlled pulsatile CPB (roller pump speed adjusted by an average of 2.9 voltage output modulations/s; n = 12). The animals were then cooled to a nasopharyngeal temperature of 28°C. During rewarming to stable normothermic temperatures, SjvO 2 was measured at 5-minute intervals. The mean and cumulative areas for an SjvO 2 less than 50% were determined for all animals. Results. No between-group differences in temperature were noted during hypothermic CPB or during rewarming. The rate of rewarming was not different between groups. Mean arterial pressure, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood also did not differ between groups. The hemoglobin concentration was within 0.4 g/dL between groups at all time periods. Mean pulse pressure was 10.0 ± 4.8 mm Hg in the apulsatile CPB group and 20.7 ± 5.2 mm Hg in the pulsatile CPB group ( p = 0.0002; unpaired t test). Markedly greater mean and cumulative areas under the curve for SjvO 2 less than 50% were seen with apulsatile CPB (164 ± 209 versus 1.9 ± 3.6% · min, p = 0.021; and 1,796 ± 2,263 versus 23 ± 45% · min, p = 0.020, respectively). Conclusions. Computer-controlled pulsatile CPB was associated with significantly greater SjvO 2 during rewarming from hypothermic CPB. Both the mean and cumulative areas under the curve for SjvO 2 less than 50% exceeded a ratio of 75:1 for apulsatile versus computer-controlled pulsatile CPB. These experiments suggest that cerebral oxygenation was better preserved during rewarming from moderate hypothermia with computer-controlled pulsatile CPB, which returned biologic variability to the flow pattern.