Abstract
During the last two decades a numerical method known as the Upper Bound Elemental Technique (UBET) has been under development at Leeds University. It has now reached the stage where forging and extrusion processes can be simulated from the instant the process starts to the end of deformation. It offers useful predictions of load requirements and metal flow in single and compound metal flow situations, and with the aid of a visual display, the technique provides a very useful tool for the process designer for the design of dies and preform shapes. This paper reviews the UBET development and its application to the design of the closed die forging process. Also described is some recent work using UBET in establishing a rationalized procedure for better design of various forging parameters such as billet aspect ratio, flash and preform shape.
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