Computer-Assisted Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Human Dermal Dendrocytes

Abstract

We attempted to characterize the three-dimensional structure of dermal dendrocytes and to clarify the spatial relationships between dermal dendrocytes and mast cells, macrophages, and nerves. Normal human adult skin (breast, n = 2) was routinely processed for electron microscopy. Every other section (about 50 per data set) was collected at 80-nm intervals traversing about 8 microns of tissue. Grids showing the same cells were photographed by electron microscopy at a magnification of 4000x. Based on the 10-20 photographs per data set, cell outlines were digitized into the reconstruction program at appropriate layers and aligned. Thin, elongated cytoplasmic "dendrites" of dermal dendrocytes in two-dimensional micrographs proved to be thin, membrane-bound flaps in three-dimensional reconstruction. For dermal dendrocytes concentrated about superficial vessels (perivascular dendrocytes), the flaps enshrouded the vessel wall, and for dermal dendrocytes directly beneath the epidermis (subepidermal dendrocytes), these flaps were aligned parallel to the dermal-epidermal junction. The three-dimensional feature of dermal dendrocytes (perivascular and subepidermal) is quite similar to that of perivascular adventitial veil cells, suggesting ultrastructurally identified perivascular dendrocytes and veil cells must be identical cells. In conventional ultrathin sections, 20-40% of perivascular dendrocytes and occasional subepidermal dendrocytes were closely associated with mast cells. When viewed by computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction, membrane flaps of dermal dendrocytes consistently shrouded mast cell membranes for 50-90% of their perimeter; mast cells resembled a ball in a baseball glove (dermal dendrocytes). Occasional dermal dendrocytes surrounded non-myelinated nerves in the superficial dermis. Membrane flaps also enabled dermal dendrocytes to present extensive areas to the plasma membranes of adjacent monocyte/macrophages. These findings indicate that dermal dendrocytes are non-dendritic cells that are spatially related to mast cells, monocyte/macrophages, microvessels, and nerves by their membranous flaps. This suggests the need for further study of functional interactions between these cells.