Abstract
This paper presents a mathematical model to calculate transients in grounding systems. The derived equations arise from direct application of basic electromagnetic equations in frequency domain, whose solution is obtained by the application of the Moment Methods. A formulation based on experimental measurements is applied to quantify the soil parameters for each frequency. The unified approach is applied in the calculation of the grounding impedance of horizontal electrodes. Results show that the inclusion of frequency dependence of the soil parameters leads to a reduction of the values of grounding impedance, in comparison with results for soils with parameters independent of frequency.
Highlights
The grounding systems are an important element for good electrical systems performance, mainly when they are subjected to faults
This paper presents a mathematical model to calculate transients in grounding systems
The derived equations arise from direct application of basic electromagnetic equations in frequency domain, whose solution is obtained by the application of the Moment Methods
Summary
The grounding systems are an important element for good electrical systems performance, mainly when they are subjected to faults. When energized by lightning currents, they present a very particular behavior and their analysis cannot be carried out with traditional methodologies employed in low frequency occurrences [2]. The transient analysis of grounding electrodes is usually developed based on three main different approaches: 1) electromagnetic field theory [3]; 2) transmission line theory [4], and 3) circuit theory [4]. In most works dealing with lightning transients in grounding, the soil electrical conductivity and permittivity are usually assumed to be frequency independent (e.g. in [3,4,14]). In this work a methodology based on the electromagnetic field theory and Moment Method is proposed to evaluate the impulse behavior of grounding. This article is organized as follows: presented in Section 2 the electromagnetic grounding model; in Section 3 is described the soil modeling; the results are presented, discussed and interpreted in Section 4 and in Section 5 outlines the conclusions
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