Computed tomography findings of hepatobiliary systems in patients with immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced liver injury.

Abstract

The incidence of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-induced liver injury has increased recently; however, its imaging characteristics remain unclear. This study aimed to characterize the computed tomography (CT) findings of ICI-induced liver injury. This was a single-center retrospective study of patients with ICI-induced liver injury who underwent CT between January 2020 and December 2021. Two board-certified radiologists independently evaluated the CT findings of the patients before the start of ICI therapy (pre-CT)and at the onset of ICI-induced liver injury (post-CT) to determine the presence or absence of imaging findings suggestive of hepatitis and cholangitis. ICI-induced liver injury was classified into three categories based on the CT findings: hepatitis alone, cholangitis alone, and overlapped (cholangitis plus hepatitis). A total of 19 patients were included in this study. Bile duct dilatation, bile duct wall thickening, non-edematous gallbladder wall thickening, hepatomegaly, periportal edema, and gallbladder wall edema were observed in the post-CT images of 12 (63.2%), 9 (60%), 11 (57.9%), 8 (42.1%), 6 (31.6%), and 2 (10.5%) patients, respectively. Wall thickening in the perihilar, distal, intrapancreatic bile duct and the cystic duct were observed in 53.3%, 60%, 46.7%, and 26.7% of the study population, respectively. Regarding the classification of ICI-induced liver injury, cholangitis alone was most common (36.8%), followed by overlapped (26.3%) and hepatitis alone (26.3%). Patients with ICI-induced liver injury demonstrated a higher incidence of biliary abnormalities than hepatic abnormalities on CT images; nonetheless, future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to validate these findings.