Abstract
What kinds of symmetry-protected topologically ordered (SPTO) ground states can be used for universal measurement-based quantum computation in a similar fashion to the 2D cluster state? 2D SPTO states are classified not only by global on-site symmetries but also by subsystem symmetries, which are fine-grained symmetries dependent on the lattice geometry. Recently, all states within so-called SPTO cluster phases on the square and hexagonal lattices have been shown to be universal, based on the presence of subsystem symmetries and associated structures of quantum cellular automata. Motivated by this observation, we analyze the computational capability of SPTO cluster phases on all vertex-translative 2D Archimedean lattices. There are four subsystem symmetries here called ribbon, cone, fractal, and 1-form symmetries, and the former three are fundamentally in one-to-one correspondence with three classes of Clifford quantum cellular automata. We conclude that nine out of the eleven Archimedean lattices support universal cluster phases protected by one of the former three symmetries, while the remaining lattices possess 1-form symmetries and have a different capability related to error correction.
Highlights
Geometry plays an important role in both quantum information and many-body physics
Using 2D vertex-translative Archimedean lattices, we showed that nine of these eleven lattices supported universal cluster phases, where three have glider quantum cellular automaton (QCA) structures and six have fractal QCA structures
For glider QCA, we found that the line symmetries were—in some cases—insufficient for construct universal phases
Summary
Their composite parts are arranged geometrically, which can in turn result in novel physical properties. A recent paper [35] has constructed tensor network states with underlying Clifford quantum cellular automaton (QCA) in their virtual space, so that they have subsystem symmetries and support computationally universal subsystem SPTO phases. In this Article, we will take a “lattice-first” approach, constructing 2D cluster phases from the subsystem symmetries common to all the ground states on a given 2D lattice and identifying the structure of QCA that underlies its tensor network description.
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