Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO), is a speed limiting enzyme that catalyzes the decomposition and metabolism of Tryptophan along Tryptophan-IDO-Kynurenine pathway [1]. Tryptophan is a necessary amino acid for activating cell growth and metabolism. Additionally, the insufficiency of Tryptophan can lead to immune system dysfunction. Raising the level of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase protein can promote stagnation and apoptosis of effector T cells [2].In contrast, the decline in the number of effect T cells naturally protects cancer cells from attack. Therefore, Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase is a potential target for tumour immunotherapy, such as melanoma, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, leukaemia, and so on, especially in solid tumours [3]. In the study, we have done sets of virtual screening aided by computer techniques in order to find potentially effective inhibitors of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase. Firstly, screening based on structure was carried out by Libdock. Then, ADME (adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and toxicity prediction were also analyzed. Molecular docking and 3D-QSAR pharmacophore generation were used to study the mechanism of these compounds and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase’s binding. A molecular dynamic analysis was carried out to assess if these potential compound’s binding is stable enough. According to the results of the analysis above, two potential compounds (ZINC000012495022 and ZINC000003791817) from the ZINC database were discovered to interact with Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase with appropriate energy and proved to be none toxic. The study offered valuable information of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase inhibitor-based drug discovery in cancer therapy by increasing the activity of T cells and releasing immunity suppression [4, 5].
Highlights
Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO)is a speed limiting enzyme that activates the decomposition and metabolism of Tryptophan along Tryptophan-IDO-Kynurenine pathway [6]
Tryptophan is a necessary amino acid for cell growth and metabolism, and the deficiency of Tryptophan can lead to immune system dysfunction
Since Kynurenine is an endogenous tumour-promoting ligand, it binds to aromatic receptors and activates aromatic receptors to perform biological effects, which together contribute to the occurrence and development of tumours
Summary
Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO)is a speed limiting enzyme that activates the decomposition and metabolism of Tryptophan along Tryptophan-IDO-Kynurenine pathway [6]. The key enzymes of Tryptophan-IDO-Kynurenine pathway include pyridoxine-2, 3-oxygenase 1 (indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1, IDO1), pyridoxine-2, 3-oxygenase 2 (indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 2, IDO2), Tryptophan-2,3- Double oxygenase (Tryptophan-2, 3dioxygenase, TDO) [7]. The activity of these enzymes can cause Tryptophan to over-produce Kynurenine, resulting in Tryptophan deficiency while producing a large amount of Kynurenine, thereby suppressing the immune system. Tryptophan content decreased, directly inhibiting the activation and proliferation of effect T cells. The metabolites produced by the Tryptophan-IDO-Kynurenine channel will suppress immune, reproductive and central nervous system, in addition, to directly inhibiting the survival of T-cells. Tryptophan-IDOKynurenine pathway plays a vital role in causing immune escape in cells [8, 9]
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