Computational study of the effects of density, fuel content, and moisture content on smoldering propagation of cellulose and hemicellulose mixtures

Abstract

Smoldering combustion plays an important role in forest and wildland fires. Fires from smoldering combustion can last for long periods of time, emit more pollutants, and be difficult to extinguish. This makes the study of smoldering in woody fuels and forest duff important. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are the major constituents in these type of fuels, in different proportions for different fuels. In this article, we developed a 1-D model using the open-source software Gpyro to study the smoldering combustion of cellulose and hemicellulose mixtures. We first validated our simulations against experimentally obtained values of propagation speed for mixtures with fuel compositions including 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% cellulose, with the remaining proportion of hemicellulose. Then, we studied the effects of varying fuel composition, density, and moisture content on smoldering combustion. We found that propagation speed of smoldering increases with decreasing density and increasing hemicellulose content, which we attribute to the role of oxygen diffusion. Propagation speed increases with moisture content for pure cellulose up to a certain limiting value, after which the propagation speed drops by up to 70%. The mean peak temperature of smoldering increases with hemicellulose content and density, and decreases with increasing moisture content.