Abstract
Unsteady, viscous, low-speed e ows over a NACA 0012 airfoil oscillated in plungeand/orpitch at various reduced frequency,amplitude, andphaseshift arecomputed. Vortical wakeformations, boundary-layere owsat theleading edge, the formation of leading-edge vortices and their downstream convection are presented in terms of unsteady particletraces.Flowseparationcharacteristicsandthrust-producingwakeproe lesareidentie ed.Computedresults compare well with water tunnel e ow visualization and force data and other computational data. The maximum propulsive efe ciency is obtained for cases where the e ow remains mostly attached over the airfoil oscillated in a combined pitch and plunge.
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