Computational studies of molecular pre-organization through macrocyclization: Conformational distribution analysis of closely related non-macrocyclic and macrocyclic analogs

Abstract

Macrocycles form an important compound class in medicinal chemistry due to their interesting structural and biological properties. To help design macrocycles, it is important to understand how the conformational preferences are affected upon macrocyclization of a lead compound. To address this, we collected a unique data set of protein–ligand complexes containing “non-macrocyclic” (“linear”) ligands matched with macrocyclic analogs binding to the same protein in a similar pose. Out of the 39 co-crystallized ligands considered, 10 were linear and 29 were macrocyclic. To enable a more general analysis, 128 additional ligands from the publications associated with these protein data bank entries were added to the data set. Using in total 167 collected ligands, we investigated if the conformers in the macrocyclic conformational ensembles were more similar to the bioactive conformation in comparison to the conformers of their linear counterparts. Unexpectedly, in most cases the macrocycle conformational ensemble distributions were not very different from those of the linear compounds. Thus, care should be taken when designing macrocycles with the aim to focus their conformational preference towards the bioactive conformation. We also set out to investigate potential conformational flexibility differences between the two compound classes, computational energy window settings and evaluate a literature metric for approximating the conformational focusing on the bioactive conformation.