Abstract
Computational modeling of functional brain networks in fMRI data has advanced the understanding of higher cognitive function. It is hypothesized that functional networks mediating higher cognitive processes are disrupted in people with schizophrenia. In this article, we review studies that applied measures of functional and effective connectivity to fMRI data during cognitive tasks, in particular working memory fMRI studies. We provide a conceptual summary of the main findings in fMRI data and their relationship with neurotransmitter systems, which are known to be altered in individuals with schizophrenia. We consider possible developments in computational neuropsychiatry, which are likely to further our understanding of how key functional networks are altered in schizophrenia.
Highlights
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder, which is initially manifested through positive symptoms including delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thoughts
We summarize fMRI findings in verbal/numeric working memory2 in context of (i) the understanding of schizophrenia as a cognitive brain disorder and (ii) the understanding of schizophrenia as a cognitive brain network disorder
The findings of reduced effective connectivity (EC) of the prefrontal–parietal connection in subjects with schizophrenia in contrast to healthy controls were interpreted biophysically and linked to the N -Methyl-d-aspartate acid (NMDA) receptor hypofunction model and the dysconnection hypothesis [128, 129]. Both studies reported reduced EC findings of the prefrontal– parietal connection during working memory, these findings need to be considered carefully due to different experimental designs and methodological implementation
Summary
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder, which is initially manifested through positive symptoms including delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thoughts. We review exemplary fMRI studies using the numeric or verbal “N-back” task in subjects with EST and healthy controls, which reported functional activation and FC findings (Table 1).
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