Computational approaches to study elbow biomechanics

Abstract

: Detailed knowledge of the in vivo loading conditions of a joint is crucial in understanding joint function, injury mechanics, joint degeneration, and in developing surgical and non-surgical therapeutic strategies. Computational models and simulations are often employed to investigate injury patterns and mechanics, and to enhance our understanding of the interrelationships between the different joint structures and their effects on joint loading. Models have been used extensively in the study of the knee and hip joints, but have been underutilized in elbow biomechanics. Recently, several research groups employed finite element and multibody simulations to study elbow ligament behavior, tissue damage, cartilage contact forces and contact loading patterns. Computational models have also been used to quantify and evaluate the efficacy of surgical procedures and the long-term effects of these procedures on elbow function. Forward dynamics multibody models have been employed to study the interaction of muscles and ligaments pre- and post-op and during activities that can result in injuries. One of the major obstacles in computational model-based treatment and design, is validation of the computational results and predictions. Several computational studies were paired with cadaveric experiments or gait lab measurements to validate the models in terms of kinematics, contact pressures and areas, and muscle activation patterns. In this article we present some of the most recent computational approaches used to develop and validate computational models of the elbow joint, the insight that we have gained into elbow biomechanics through these models and their applicability in clinical practice.