Abstract
The utilization of local waste by-products as a building material has attracted great attention for an environmental sustainability and become a fundamental part of sustainable construction. In this experimental research, the local palm oil industrial waste and agricultural waste are utilized for the green mortar production. To examine the compressive strength and the durability performance of the green mortar mixtures, Palm oil boiler clinker (POBC) was used as a substitution material for natural fine aggregate. An ordinary Portland cement was partially replaced by rice husk ash (RHA) and calcium bentonite (CB) in the proportion of 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight of cement. The compressive strength, water absorption, porosity, durability against sulphuric acid and sodium sulphate attacks, and microstructures of the POBC mortar mixtures were evaluated at the curing age of 7, 28, and 56 days. The experimental results revealed that the compressive strength, water absorption, porosity, and durability characteristics of POBC mortar incorporating RHA and CB were improved by long-term curing. Particularly, the 56-day POBC mortar incorporating up to 30% of RHA and 10% of CB yielded the superior durability against sulphuric acid and sodium sulphate attacks.
Highlights
The exploitation of waste materials in mortar and concrete is studied as a means toward a sustainable, environmental-friendly construction [1]
At the curing age of 56 days, an increase in the compressive strength and strength activity index (SAI) was 16%, 18%, and 15% for the mortar specimens incorporating 10%, 20%, and 30% rice husk ash (RHA), respectively, as compared to that of the control mortar; This is shown in Figure 3(a) and 4
This increase in the compressive strength of RHA mixtures with age could be due to the high pozzolanic reaction that is gradually promoted by the reactive amorphous SiO2 contents of the RHA [32,33]
Summary
The exploitation of waste materials in mortar and concrete is studied as a means toward a sustainable, environmental-friendly construction [1]. Several studies reported that the introduction of the SCMs from waste by-products such as fly ash, silica fume, ceramic waste, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and rice husk ash can improve the long-term durability of the cementitious composite. This is due to the formation of calcium silicate hydrate by the pozzolanic reaction which improves the pore structure and clogs up the cement matrix [2,3,4,5,6]. The POBC and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) are derived after the end of combustion in boiler.
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
