Compression fatigue of elastomeric foams used in midsoles of running shoes

Abstract

Due to their excellent specific mechanical properties, closed cell elastomeric foams are the main element in the soles of running shoes to absorb repetitive shocks from strides and to release a maximum of the absorbed energy. However, these cellular materials are gradually damaged. To enhance their mechanical durability by slowing their damage kinetics, it is critical to understand their mechanical behaviour in fatigue. The objective of this work is thus to clarify the link between the microstructure and the fatigue properties of five commercial elastomeric foams used in the midsoles of running shoes. The 3D cellular structures of each foam were finely analysed using X-ray microtomography. Foam samples were then subjected to cyclic compression which were close to running conditions. During cycling, samples exhibited a rapid densification associated with noticeable decreases of (i) the stress levels required to deform them as well as (ii) the cushioning and (iii) the rebound properties. We show that the two midsoles filled with micro-sized mineral fillers present the highest specific mechanical properties during the first compression cycle and during fatigue. However, their damage kinetics and rebound properties could probably be improved by tuning the fillers-matrix compatibility. The lightest foam, being very porous and presenting process-induced tortuous cell walls, is the best cushioning system but exhibits high damage kinetics. The densest foam presents poor specific mechanical properties, but very slow damage kinetics. Its double hierarchical architecture probably prevents the occurrence of micro-cracks in the cell walls.