Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry of monoterpenoids as a powerful tool for grape origin traceability

Abstract

The establishment of the monoterpenoid profile of Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Fernão-Pires’ white grape was achieved by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC–ToF-MS). The plot of the first dimension versus the second dimension retention times using the m/ z 93, 121, and 136 was used. The grapes were found to contain 56 monoterpenoids identified by GC × GC–ToF-MS. From these, 20 were reported for the first time in grapes. According to their chemical structure, the compounds were organized in different groups: monoterpene hydrocarbons and monoterpene oxygen-containing compounds, this later divided in oxides, alcohols (monoterpenols and monoterpendiols), aldehydes, esters, and ketones. A database composed by the retention indices of monoterpenoids calculated in the bi-dimensional column set was created, representing a developmental step in monoterpenoid analysis using a GC × GC system. Remarkable results were also obtained in terms of compound classification based on the organized structure of the peaks of structurally related compounds in the GC × GC contour plot. This information represents a valuable approach for future studies, as the ordered-structure principle can considerably help the establishment of the composition of samples. This study proposes a methodology and provides data that can be applied to determine the monoterpenoid profile of grapes, and its extension to the analysis of musts, and wines. As monoterpenoids are secondary metabolites whose synthesis is encoded by variety-related genes, the terpenoid profile may be used as a way to trace its varietal origin.