Abstract
Transportation issues in developing countries are complicated. To resolve these issues, land-use and transportation systems should be integrated, with an appropriate combination of push and pull measures from a long-term perspective in a comprehensive manner. To support such policy decisions, a four-step travel demand model with a full feedback mechanism is developed, in which trip generation and attraction steps are included in the feedback process by reflecting the influence of transport accessibility. The model is repeatedly estimated based on a much more efficient calculation algorithm. The full feedback mechanism allows us to incorporate the endogenous influence of induced travel demand on various aspects of travel demand. With the help of the above model, various urban and transportation policy scenarios consisting of urban form, public transportation systems, vehicle ownership control, and road networks are examined in the Jabodetabek metropolitan area of Indonesia and Beijing, China, based on a full-scale person–trip survey. Polycentric and transit-oriented urban forms are confirmed to be more environmentally efficient than other policy scenarios.
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