Abstract
The effective production and usage of ginsenosides, given their distinct pharmacological effects, are receiving increasing amounts of attention. As the ginsenosides content differs in different parts of Panax ginseng, we wanted to assess and compare the ginsenosides content in the ginseng roots, leave, stems, and berries. To extract the ginsenosides, 70% (v/v) methanol was used. The optimal ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) method was used to profile various ginsenosides from the different parts of P. ginseng. The datasets were then subjected to multivariate analysis including principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). A UPLC-QTOF/MS method with an in-house library was constructed to profile 58 ginsenosides. With this method, a total of 39 ginsenosides were successfully identified and quantified in the ginseng roots, leave, stem, and berries. PCA and HCA characterized the different ginsenosides compositions from the different parts. The quantitative ginsenoside contents were also characterized from each plant part. The results of this study indicate that the UPLC-QTOF/MS method can be an effective tool to characterize various ginsenosides from the different parts of P. ginseng.
Highlights
In the herbal markets and food industries of Korea and other East Asian countries, Panax ginsengC.A
The ginsenoside standards used in this study were isolated and purified from P. ginseng roots and red ginseng by a series of chromatography procedures in our laboratory, and the information for 30 ginsenosides was reported in our previous study [25]
The structures of other ginsenosides were determined based on the spectroscopic data (MS, hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H-NMR), and carbon-13 (13 C)-NMR) in the previous literatures: Floralginsenoside Ka (fKa) [26], Notoginsenoside R4 (nR4) [27], Notoginsenoside R2 (nR2)-R [28], Rh1-R [29], Ra3 [26], Malonyl ginsenoside Rb1 (M-Rb1) [30], Malonyl ginsenoside Rc (M-Rc) [31], Malonyl ginsenoside Rb2 (M-Rb2) [30], Malonyl ginsenoside Rd (M-Rd) [31], Compound O (CO) [32], Gypenoside L (GyL) [33], Gypenoside LI (GyLI) [33], Notoginsenoside Ft1 (nFt1) [34], Rg3-R [29], Mc [35], and Compound Y (CY) [35]
Summary
In the herbal markets and food industries of Korea and other East Asian countries, Panax ginseng. C.A. Meyer is one of the most important herbal plants. P. ginseng root contains many bioactive compounds including ginsenosides, peptides, polyacetylenic alcohols, fatty acids, and essential oils [3]. Among these compounds, ginsenosides are considered critical ingredients, having various pharmacological effects, such as enhancing the immune system, and anti-tumor and anti-diabetes activities [4,5,6,7]. Each ginsenoside has specific activities, and the efficacy of ginseng is determined by the ginsenoside contents. Due to its biological utility, the production and use of ginsenosides has been receiving increased attention
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