Abstract
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have emerged as a promising energy source for electric vehicle (EV) applications owing to the solution offered by their high power, high specific energy, no memory effect, and their excellent durability. However, they generate a large amount of heat, particularly during the fast discharge process. Therefore, a suitable thermal management system (TMS) is necessary to guarantee their performance, efficiency, capacity, safety, and lifetime. This study investigates the thermal performance of different passive cooling systems for the LTO Li-ion battery cell/module with the application of natural convection, aluminum (Al) mesh, copper (Cu) mesh, phase change material (PCM), and PCM-graphite. Experimental results show the average temperature of the cell, due to natural convection, Al mesh, Cu mesh, PCM, and PCM-graphite compared with the lack of natural convection decrease by 6.4%, 7.4%, 8.8%, 30%, and 39.3%, respectively. In addition, some numerical simulations and investigations are solved by COMSOL Multiphysics®, for the battery module consisting of 30 cells, which is cooled by PCM and PCM-graphite. The maximum temperature of the battery module compared with the natural convection case study is reduced by 15.1% and 17.3%, respectively. Moreover, increasing the cell spacing in the battery module has a direct effect on temperature reduction.
Highlights
Global warming and air pollution have pushed researchers to replace a clean alternative source for fossil fuels [1,2]
Lithiumion (Li-ion) batteries are the most promising energy source for electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) owing to their features comprising high specific energy, high capacity, high power, and no memory effect [3,4,5,6]
The influence of the natural convection cooling method is the initial phase to consider The influence of the natural convection cooling method is the initial phase to confor thermal management
Summary
Global warming and air pollution have pushed researchers to replace a clean alternative source for fossil fuels [1,2]. Wang et al [34] experimentally studied the effect of PCM on cylindrical battery packs under different discharge rates (1C, 2C) They found the PCM cooling method can meaningfully decrease the average temperature and improve the temperature uniformity of the Li-ion battery pack. Weng et al [36] optimized the effect of PCM fin TMS for cylindrical cells in 1C and 2C discharging rates They considered the strength of different fin shapes in specific applications. El Idi et al [38] experimentally and numerically investigated a PCM metal foam composite for 18,650 cylindrical cells in 1.5C, 2.5C, and 4.5C rates They found usage of Al foam improves the efficiency of the thermal management system. It is found by increasing the cell spacing from 0 to 8 mm, the maximum temperature of the module reduces by 13% and 13.7% for PCM and PCM-graphite, respectively
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