Abstract
Marine-associated fungal strains act as a valuable reservoir of bioactive diverse secondary metabolites including alkaloids which are highly popular by their biological activities. This review highlighted the chemistry and biology of alkaloids isolated from twenty-six fungal genera associated with marine organisms and marine sea sediments. The selected fungi are from different marine sources without focusing on mangroves. The studied fungal genera comprises Acrostalagmus, Arthrinium, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Coniothyrium, Curvularia, Dichotomomyces, Eurotium, Eutypella, Exophiala, Fusarium, Hypocrea, Microsphaeropsis, Microsporum, Neosartorya, Nigrospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Pleosporales, Pseudallescheria, Scedosporium, Scopulariopsis, Stagonosporopsis, Thielavia, Westerdykella, and Xylariaceae. Around 347 alkaloid metabolites were isolated and identified via chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques comprising 1D and 2D NMR (one and two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance) which were further confirmed using HR-MS (high resolution mass spectrometry) and Mosher reactions for additional ascertaining of the stereochemistry. About 150 alkaloids showed considerable effect with respect to the tested activities. Most of the reported bioactive alkaloids showed considerable biological activities mainly cytotoxic followed by antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant; however, a few showed anti-inflammatory and antifouling activities. However, the rest of the compounds showed weak or no activity toward the tested biological activities and required further investigations for additional biological activities. Thus, alkaloids isolated from marine-associated fungi can afford an endless source of new drug entities that could serve as leads for drug discovery combating many human ailments.
Highlights
Nowadays fungi isolated from marine resources serve as promising tools for the alleviation of a large number of hazardous diseases that adversely affect human health such as bacterial and viral infections as well as cancers [1,2]
These prominent effects are greatly relied upon their richness by large categories of secondary metabolites represented by peptides, steroids, terpenoids, lactones, and alkaloids [3,4].These activities are mainly anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer, and antiviral activities [5,6]
Phytochemical investigation of the crude extract of marine-associated fungus, Fusarium oxysporum, isolated from the marine mudflat collected at Suncheon Bay, Korea, resulted in the isolation of a new polycyclic quinazoline alkaloid, oxysporizoline (153) that revealed an antibacterial activity against MRSA and MDRSA with MIC equal to 6.25 μg/mL in addition to notable antioxidant potential manifested by its observable radical scavenging effect versus DPPH with IC50 equals to 10 μM (Figure 9) [38]
Summary
Nowadays fungi isolated from marine resources serve as promising tools for the alleviation of a large number of hazardous diseases that adversely affect human health such as bacterial and viral infections as well as cancers [1,2] These prominent effects are greatly relied upon their richness by large categories of secondary metabolites represented by peptides, steroids, terpenoids, lactones, and alkaloids [3,4].These activities are mainly anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer, and antiviral activities [5,6]. A vast variation in the function and structure of the abundant metabolites in the marine-derived fungal strains is undoubtedly based upon the considerable diversity in the environment where these organisms exist regarding its chemical and physical formation [7]. 2020) for studies about chemical constituents; for biology-related researches, data were gathered from both PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/, accessed on 1 December 2020) as well as Web of Knowledge (http://www.webofknowledge.com, accessed on 1 December 2020)
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