Abstract

Wolfberry, a valuable commodity straddling the realms of medicine and nutrition, faces increasing scrutiny regarding its provenance authenticity. In this investigation, electronic nose, electronic tongue, headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), and solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (SPME-GC-IMS) were employed for a thorough analysis of wolfberry pulp samples sourced from Ningxia (NX), Qinghai (QH), Gansu (GS), and Xinjiang (XJ). The results of the study showed that wolfberry samples from four regions could be effectively distinguished by combining intelligent sensory techniques with principal component analysis (PCA). In addition, smart sensory technology, combined with support vector machines (SVM) and random forest (RF) classifiers, can accurately distinguish samples from different regions (accuracy = 100 %). HS-SPME-GC-MS and SPME-GC-IMS identified 180 and 73 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), respectively. Through a combination of multivariate analysis (VIP > 1.2) and univariate analysis (P < 0.05), eight VOCs, including Nonadecane and alpha-Terpinolene, emerged as pivotal variables for distinguishing wolfberry pulp based on geographical origin. Overall, this study furnishes robust theoretical underpinnings for addressing concerns regarding the provenance authenticity of wolfberry pulp.

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