Comprehensive Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Snake Fruit: Salak (Salacca zalacca)

Anna Kotrbová Kozak,Iva Viehmannová,Václav Dvořáček,Michal Jágr,Francisca Hernández,Dagmar Janovská,Petra Hlásná Čepková

doi:10.1155/2021/6621811

Anna Kotrbová Kozak, Iva Viehmannová

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6621811

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Abstract

Snake fruit (Salacca zalacca (Gaert.) Voss) is a fruit species traditionally cultivated in Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries. The edible parts of the fruits contain a certain amount of total phenolic, flavonoid, and monoterpenoid compounds, proving them to be their perfect sources. The main goal of this work was to detect, quantify, and identify various phenolic compounds present in snake fruit pulp. Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to a Q-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometer was able to detect 19 phenolic compounds in the salak pulp, including 5 flavanols, 6 phenolic acids, 2 flavonols, 1 flavone, and also 5 presumably new phenolic compounds. Among the detected compounds, 11 were reported and quantified for the first time in salak pulp. Chlorogenic acid was by far the most predominant phenolic compound. The next relatively abundant compounds in snake fruit were epicatechin, isoquercetin, neochlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid and procyanidine B2 (levels at ca 5–10 μg/g in MeOH extract), syringic acid, and caffeic acid (levels at ca 1 μg/g in H2O extract). A significant total phenolic content (257.17 μL/mL) and antioxidant activities (10.56 μM TE/g of fruit pulp) were determined. In conclusion, S. zalacca fruit has potential to serve as a natural source of phenolic compounds with antioxidative activities which may be associated with their health benefits.

Highlights

Fruit consumption is nowadays associated with life quality improvement due to their high content of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidant compounds [1]
Salak has been known as snake fruit and originally it came from Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries [4]. e palm thrives under humid tropical lowland conditions with rainfall of 1,700–3,100 mm per year and a temperature range of 22–32°C. e dioecious nature of many cultivars leads to wide phenotypic variations, so vegetative propagation is used to produce a suitable clone [3] with the desired fruit quality [5, 6]
Chemical Analyses. ere is some available information about high total phenolic content (TPC) influenced by maturity stage of snake fruit [15] which is accompanied by higher antioxidative activity in comparison with mangosteen, mango, and rambai in previous studies [4]

Summary

Introduction

Fruit consumption is nowadays associated with life quality improvement due to their high content of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidant compounds [1]. Fruits and vegetables in particular are key sources of antioxidants in the human diet. E most known and consumed fruits are the ones cultivated on a large scale, industrialized, and sold worldwide. One of the exotic fruits is snake fruit—salak (Salacca zalacca (Gaert.) Voss). Salak has been known as snake fruit and originally it came from Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries [4]. E palm thrives under humid tropical lowland conditions with rainfall of 1,700–3,100 mm per year and a temperature range of 22–32°C. e dioecious nature of many cultivars leads to wide phenotypic variations, so vegetative propagation is used to produce a suitable clone [3] with the desired fruit quality [5, 6] Salak has been known as snake fruit and originally it came from Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries [4]. e palm thrives under humid tropical lowland conditions with rainfall of 1,700–3,100 mm per year and a temperature range of 22–32°C. e dioecious nature of many cultivars leads to wide phenotypic variations, so vegetative propagation is used to produce a suitable clone [3] with the desired fruit quality [5, 6]

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