Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection is a chronic gram-negative bacterial infection, that infects the epithelium of the stomach. This prevalence is very high and varies depending on factors such as geographical location, ethnicity, age, and socioeconomic. The key management of Hp infection is accurate diagnosis and treatment. The H. pylori diagnostic examination consists of non-invasive and invasive tests, the most common non-invasive tests are serological tests, urea breath tests (UBT), and stool antigen tests, while invasive tests are rapid urease tests, histopathology, culture, and PCR. The goal of H. pylori eradication is to heal peptic ulcers and reduce the risk of gastric cancer. Eradication therapy that is recommended worldwide and used in Indonesia is the triple drug combination therapy consisting of a PPI, clarithromycin and amoxicillin or metronidazole for 14 days. The success of eradication therapy is highly dependent on the choice of therapeutic regimen, patient compliance in taking multi-drugs with possible drug side effects, and the sensitivity of H. pylori strains to the antibiotics consumed.
Highlights
Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is a gram-negative bacterium that primarily infects the gastric epithelium
Based on a prospective study conducted by Syam et al on 5 Islands in Indonesia, in 2014-2015, populations who use tap water as drinking water source had a lower incidence of H pylori infection compared to populations who used river or well for water source (OR = 9.67; p: 0.03). 4,5
Immunostaining is useful for distinguishing H. pylori and other bacteria when small numbers of bacteria are present and when the bacteria are in the coccoid form, among other cases, where assessment is difficult by non-specific staining
Summary
Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is a gram-negative bacterium that primarily infects the gastric epithelium. In developing countries, this high prevalence is still faced with difficulties in establishing a definite diagnosis of Hp infection due to the availability of adequate examination tools.[1,2]. Along with the development of diagnostic tools, Hp infection has become one of the most common causes of dyspepsia and gastrointestinal problems in various parts of the world since . These infections are found in various populations, ranging from children to adults, and from various sociodemographic backgrounds. Based on study in 5 big cities in Indonesia (2014-2015), from 267 patient with dyspepsia, the prevalence of Hp is 22.1% (59/267).[1,2,3,4]
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