Abstract
In flowering plants, proper development of male generative organs is required for successful sexual reproduction. Stamen primordia arise in the third whorl of floral organs and subsequently differentiate into filaments and anthers. The early phase of stamen development, in which meiosis occurs, is followed by a late developmental phase, which consists of filament elongation coordinated with pollen maturation, anther dehiscence and finally viable pollen grain release. Stamen development and function are modulated by phytohormones, with a key role of gibberellins (GAs) and jasmonates (JAs). Long-term, extensive investigations, mainly involving GA/JA-deficient and GA/JA-response mutants, have led to a better understanding of the hormone-dependent molecular mechanisms of stamen development. In several species, the principal functions of GAs are to stimulate filament elongation through increased cell elongation and to promote anther locule opening. In the GA-dependent regulation of early stamen development, both the tapetum and developing pollen were identified as major targets. JAs mainly control the late stages of stamen development, such as filament elongation, viable pollen formation and anther dehiscence. A hierarchical relationship between GAs and JAs was recognized mainly in the control of late stamen development. By repressing DELLA proteins, GAs modulate the transcriptional activity of JA biosynthesis genes to promote JA production. A high level of JAs induces a complex of transcription factors crucial for normal stamen development.
Highlights
The proper formation, development, and functioning of generative organs in plants are crucial for maintaining the continuity of a species
jasmonic acid (JA) play an important role in the timing of anther dehiscence [84]. opr3 mutant plants are sterile, and they can be induced to become fertile by JA application but not by OPDA treatment. These results indicate that the signaling molecule that induces and coordinates anther filament elongation, the opening of the stomium, and the production of viable pollen is JA [85]
The analysis of mutant phenotypes showed that both the single myb21 and the double myb21 myb 24 mutants are characterized by very short filaments, delayed anther dehiscence, and greatly reduced male fertility, and it is impossible to restore the wild type (WT) plant phenotype via JA application [91]. These results indicate that MYB21 and MYB24 are induced by JAs and mediate important aspects of this phytohormone response during stamen development
Summary
The proper formation, development, and functioning of generative organs in plants are crucial for maintaining the continuity of a species. During the late phase, pollen grains mature, and anther tissue degenerates, resulting in anther dehiscence and, pollen grain release During this stage, stamen filaments elongate rapidly [16]. Starting from floral stage 5 [21,22], which is the first stage of anther development [19], the activity of the L1, L2, and L3 layers of the meristem leads to the formation of the stamen primordia division activity of the L1, L2, and L3 layers of the meristem leads to the formation of the stamen The tetrads of haploid microspores are generated The application development to other species, cereals, will provide opportunities to control fertility in of different information (mainly about male sterile mutants) regarding anther development to other species, cereals, will provide opportunities to control fertility in economically important crops (wheat, barley) in which the reproduction process is currently less well understood [23]
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