Abstract
BackgroundDELLAs play key roles in plant gibberellin signaling pathways and are generally important in plant development and growth. However, DELLAs in many plant taxa have not yet been systematically analyzed.ResultsIn our study, we searched for DELLA genes across 58 green plant genomes and found 181 DELLAs. Structure analysis showed some DELLA domains do not contain “D-E-L-L-A” sequences and instead contain similar domains, including DGLLA and DSLLH domains. “VHYNP” motifs in plant DELLAs comprise 23 types of sequences, while some DELLAs did not contain GRAS domains. In grape, we found that the DELLA protein GSVIVT01015465001 contains an F-box domain, while apple DELLA proteins MDP0000220512 and MDP0000403162 contain a WW domain and a BCIP domain, respectively. These DELLAs can be divided into 22 homologous groups and 17 orthologous groups, and 35 paralogous genes were identified. In total, 35 positively selected genes (PSGs) and 121 negatively selected genes (NSGs) were found among DELLAs based on selective pressure analysis, with an average Ks of NSGs that was significantly higher than that of PSGs (P < 0.05). Among the paralogous groups, CBI and Fop were significantly positively correlated with GC, GC1, GC2, GC12, and GC3, while CAI was significantly positively correlated with GC, GC1, GC12, and GC. The paralogous groups with ω values exceeding 1 had significantly higher Ka values. We also found some paralogous groups with ω values exceeding 1 that differed in their motifs.ConclusionsThis study provides helpful insights into the evolution of DELLA genes and offers exciting opportunities for the investigation of DELLA functions in different plants.
Highlights
DELLAs play key roles in plant gibberellin signaling pathways and are generally important in plant development and growth
DELLA proteins can interact with many transcription factors, including ABA INSE NSITIVE 3 (ABI3), ABI5, AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 6 (ARF6), PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs), BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1 (BZR1), ETHYLE NE-INSENSITIVE 3 (EIN3), JASMONATE-ZIMDOMAIN PROTEINs (JAZs), DWARF 14 (D14), and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), as well as brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, which are involved in multiple phytohormone signaling pathways, participating in complex crosstalk among plant hormones [11,12,13,14,15,16,17]
Three DELLA genes were previously identified in the Medicago truncatula Mt3.5 genome database, and we only identified two DELLA genes in the newer M. truncatula Mt4.0 genome database
Summary
DELLAs play key roles in plant gibberellin signaling pathways and are generally important in plant development and growth. The development of a plant is an orderly process that starts from germination and continues to maturity, and it is modulated by environmental conditions and internal phytohormones, such as abscisic acid, cytokinins, ethylene, auxins, and gibberellin (GA). Since DELLA proteins do not contain a canonical DNA-binding domain, they may interact with other transcription factors and regulate the target genes. DELLA proteins can interact with many transcription factors, including ABA INSE NSITIVE 3 (ABI3), ABI5, AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 6 (ARF6), PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs), BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1 (BZR1), ETHYLE NE-INSENSITIVE 3 (EIN3), JASMONATE-ZIMDOMAIN PROTEINs (JAZs), DWARF 14 (D14), and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), as well as brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, which are involved in multiple phytohormone signaling pathways, participating in complex crosstalk among plant hormones [11,12,13,14,15,16,17]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
