Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are gaining importance in the automotive sector because of the potential of electric vehicles (EVs) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. However, there are serious hazards resulting from failing battery cells leading to exothermic chemical reactions inside the cell, called thermal runaway (TR). Literature of quantifying the failing behavior of modern automotive high capacity cells is rare and focusing on single hazard categories such as heat generation. Thus, the aim of this study is to quantify several hazard relevant parameters of a failing currently used battery cell extracted from a modern mass-produced EV: the temperature response of the cell, the maximum reached cell surface temperature, the amount of produced vent gas, the gas venting rate, the composition of the produced gases including electrolyte vapor and the size and composition of the produced particles at TR. For this purpose, overtemperature experiments with fresh 41 Ah automotive lithium NMC/LMO—graphite pouch cells at different state-of-charge (SOC) 100%, 30% and 0% are performed. The results are valuable for firefighters, battery pack designers, cell recyclers, cell transportation and all who deal with batteries.
Highlights
The market of battery electric vehicles (BEV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) increases, especially in China, the U.S and the EU [1,2]
Since NMC/graphite composites are currently one of the preferred Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) chemistries in EVs and higher cell capacities and higher energy densities lead to more severe thermal runaway (TR) reaction [34,46], this study focuses on the failing behavior of modern high capacity NMC and NMC/LiMn2 O4 (LMO) cells
This study describes a comprehensive hazard analysis, safety parameter quantification and TR
Summary
The market of battery electric vehicles (BEV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) increases, especially in China, the U.S and the EU [1,2]. LIBs are significantly used in the automotive sector. There are still challenging requirements for LIBs in the automotive sector such as costs, fast charging, lifetime, increasing energy density and safety. It is known that battery failures can lead to critical situations inside the vehicle. The worst case is the uncontrollable exothermic chemical reaction—the TR. TR caused most of EV fires according to
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