Abstract
Polyphenols based bioactive compounds from vegetables and fruits are known for impressive antioxidant activity. Ingestion of these antioxidants may promote human health against cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Mango is a popular tropical fruit with special taste, high nutritional value and health-enhancing metabolites. The aim was to investigate the diversity of phytochemicals between two mango cultivars of china at three stages of fruit maturity. We used ESI-QTRAP-MS/MS approach to characterize comprehensively the metabolome of two mango cultivars named Hongguifei (HGF) and Tainong (TN). HPLC was used to quantify selected catechin based phenolic compounds. Moreover, real-time qPCR was used to study the expression profiles of two key genes (ANR and LAR) involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis from catechins and derivatives. A total of 651 metabolites were identified, which include at least 257 phenolic compounds. Higher number of metabolites were differentially modulated in peel as compared to pulp. Overall, the relative quantities of amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids, and other metabolites were increased in the pulp of TN cultivar. While the contents of phenolic compounds were relatively higher in HGF cultivar. Moreover, HPLC based quantification of catechin and derivatives exhibited cultivar specific variations. The ANR and LAR genes exhibited an opposite expression profile in both cultivars. Current study is the first report of numerous metabolites including catechin-based derivatives in mango fruit. These findings open novel possibilities for the use of mango as a source of bioactive compounds.
Highlights
Fruits of tropical and subtropical regions are appreciated as energy suppliers, as well as for the presence of health-enhancing metabolites
A total of 651 metabolites were annotated/ identified in three growth stages (Table S1), which include 54 nucleotides and their derivatives; 21 carbohydrates and their derivatives; 99 amino acids and their derivatives; 67 lipids and their derivatives; 6 indole derivatives; 8 alcohols and polyols; 2 terpenoids; 5 alkaloids; 21 vitamins and their derivatives; 72 organic acids; 257 phenolic compounds and 38 other metabolites
The current study provides a global picture of metabolite dynamics between two mango cultivars by conducting an analysis of widely-targeted metabolomics based on LC–MS/MS data
Summary
Fruits of tropical and subtropical regions are appreciated as energy suppliers, as well as for the presence of health-enhancing metabolites. The peel of mango fruit may be interesting for the presence of high levels of health-promoting compounds[2,4] It seems in line with the efforts to explore the cost-effective potential of agri-waste for industrial use or to reduce its negative effects on the environment. The identification and reclamation of important metabolites from mango or its byproducts is a difficult task and its completion would promote the revaluation of mango as a natural source of antioxidants/bioactive compounds In this regard, large scale metabolite profiling seems a promising way to explore metabolite potential of mango fruit. Flavan-3-ols (as monomers or as PAs) promote plant resistance against various biotic and abiotic stresses[7] These metabolites possess numerous pharmacological properties, involved in scavenging free radicals, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-nutritional, anti-cancer and cardiac protection a ctivities[8,9]. This study aims at the revelation of the metabolic variations between two mango cultivars (from China) with distinct features[2,17] and offers valuable data for appraising its nutritional importance in industrial utilization and breeding strategies
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