Abstract
Few studies have characterized the microbial community and metabolite profile of solid food waste fermented products from centralized treatment facilities, which could potentially be processed into safe animal feeds. In this study, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were conducted to investigate the bacterial community structure and metabolite profile of food waste samples inoculated with or without 0.18% of a commercial bacterial agent consisting of multiple unknown strains and 2% of a laboratory-made bacterial agent consisting of Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis and Candida utilis. Our findings indicated that microbial inoculation increased the crude protein content of food waste while reducing the pH value, increasing lactic acid production, and enhancing aerobic stability. Microbial inoculation affected the community richness, community diversity, and the microbiota structure (the genera with abundances above 1.5% in the fermentation products included Lactobacillus (82.28%) and Leuconostoc (1.88%) in the uninoculated group, Lactobacillus (91.85%) and Acetobacter (2.01%) in the group inoculated with commercial bacterial agents, and Lactobacillus (37.11%) and Enterococcus (53.81%) in the group inoculated with homemade laboratory agents). Microbial inoculation reduced the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria. In the metabolome, a total of 929 substances were detected, 853 by LC-MS and 76 by GC-MS. Our results indicated that inoculation increased the abundance of many beneficial metabolites and aroma-conferring substances but also increased the abundance of undesirable odors and some harmful compounds such as phenol. Correlation analyses suggested that Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, and Weissella would be promising candidates to improve the quality of fermentation products. Taken together, these results indicated that inoculation could improve food waste quality to some extent; however, additional studies are required to optimize the selection of inoculation agents.
Highlights
According to the 2021 Food Waste Index report released by the United Nations Environment Program, an estimated 931 million tons of worldwide food waste are generated each year [1]
Three parallel samples were obtained from each group, mixed thoroughly, and transferred to a fermentation bag equipped with a one-way breather valve (Ruduoduo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing), incubated for 4 days at 28 ̊C according to the fermentation conditions explored in the previous stage (S1 Fig)
This study was the first to combine bacterial community and metabolomic analyses to elucidate the bacterial community and metabolome characteristics of fermentation products derived from commercial and laboratory-made bacteria inoculated with food waste from a centralized treatment facility
Summary
According to the 2021 Food Waste Index report released by the United Nations Environment Program, an estimated 931 million tons of worldwide food waste are generated each year [1]. More than 90% of food waste in developing countries is still mixed with municipal solid waste and is either sent to landfills or incinerated [2]. Food waste is derived from human food and is highly nutritious and has a similar nutritional composition to that of animal feed. The conversion of food waste into animal feed has environmental benefits, in addition to being low cost and providing added value. The use of food waste as animal feed has garnered increasing attention among environmental researchers [3–5]. A few regions in the world have begun to use processed food waste as animal feed in modern pig, chicken, and fish farming systems [6–8]
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