Comprehensive analysis of the effects of the cuprotosis-associated gene SLC31A1 on patient prognosis and tumor microenvironment in human cancer.

Abstract

Solute carrier family 31 (copper transporter), member 1 (SLC31A1) is a key factor in maintaining intracellular copper concentration and an important factor affecting cancer energy metabolism. Therefore, exploring the potential biological function and value of SLC31A1 could provide a new direction for the targeted therapy of tumors. This study assessed gene expression levels, survival, clinicopathology, gene mutations, methylation levels, the tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), and the immune cell infiltration of SLC31A1 in pan-cancer using the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource 2.0 (TIMER2.0), Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), University of Alabama at Birmingham CANcer (UALCAN) data analysis portal, and cBioPortal databases. To further understand the potential biological mechanisms of SLC31A1 in different cancers, single-cell level sequencing and a Gene Ontology/Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (GO/KEGG) enrichment analysis of SLC31A1 were also performed. Finally, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting (WB) were used to validate the expression of SLC31A1 in cancers, such as gastric cancer. SLC31A1 was expressed in most cancer tissues. In kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), the high expression of SLC31A1 was associated with good overall survival (OS), while in adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA), lower grade glioma (LGG), mesothelioma (MESO), and skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM), the low expression of SLC31A1 was associated with good OS. The highest frequency of SLC31A1 amplification was observed in ACC. In addition, missense mutations accounted for a major portion of the mutation types. The truncation mutation S105Y may be a putative cancer driver. SLC31A1 affected methylation levels in cancer and was associated with the TMB, MSI, and the level of infiltration of various immune cells. Additionally, the single-cell sequencing results showed that SLC31A1 was associated with multiple biological functions in cancer. Finally, the SLC31A1 enrichment analysis revealed that the SLC31A1-related genes were mainly enriched in the mitochondrial matrix and envelope vesicles. The RT-qPCR and WB results were consistent with the predicted results. SLC31A1 may be a potential target related to cancer energy metabolism and may have prognostic value.