Comprehensive Analysis of CD163 as a Prognostic Biomarker and Associated with Immune Infiltration in Glioblastoma Multiforme

Abstract

Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary malignancy in adults with high aggression. The prognosis of GBM patients is poor. There is a critical need for novel biomarkers for the prognosis and therapy of GBM. Methods Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in GBM were screened using TCGA cohort. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed on DEGs to identify the optimal prognosis-related genes. qRT-PCR was performed to verify the result. Results A total of 5216 DEGs, including 2785 upregulated and 2458 downregulated genes, were obtained. Enrichment analysis revealed that these DEGs were mainly involved in the p53 signaling pathway and cell cycle, immune response, and MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, the top 50 DEGs were associated with drug resistance or drug sensitivity. Prognosis analysis revealed that GBM patients with a high expression of CD163 and CHI3L2 had a poor overall survival, prognosis-free survival, and disease-specific survival. The univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that CD163 and age were independent factors affecting the prognosis of GBM patients. A validation study revealed that CD163 was upregulated in GBM tissues and associated with poor overall survival. Moreover, further analysis revealed that CD163 showed significant correlation with immune cells, immune biomarkers, chemokines, and chemokine receptors. We also identified several CD163-associated kinase, miRNA, and transcription factor targets in GBM, including LCK, miR-483, and ELF1. Conclusions In conclusion, our study suggested CD163 as a prognostic biomarker and associated it with immune infiltration in GBM.