Abstract
Studies have been carried out on bovine bone due to its abundance and large quantity of hydroxyapatite (HAP) in it while caprine bone has been understudied. In this study, locally sourced bovine and caprine bones were washed in distilled water, defatted at 120°C for 1.5 hr in a pressure pot, ball-milled, sieved to 150 µm particle size and characterised. The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Energy dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed calcium, phosphorus and carbon as the main components. Both bones contained carbon and oxygen due to the presence of organic collagen but the quantity in caprine bone was a bit higher as revealed by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and EDS spectra. A slight difference in thermal decomposition patterns was recorded while X-Ray diffraction analysis (XRD) revealed the presence of identical functional phases. The microstructures showed needle-like and pebble-like shapes for bovine and caprine respectively, also on visual examination of the Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM), the bovine samples tended to have particle surface roughness more than caprine. Consequently, the chemical properties of both bone raw samples were insignificantly different from each other except for collagen composition and morphology.
Highlights
IntroductionThe abundant quantity and high quality of hydroxyapatite (HAP) in mammalian bones have made significant inroad in biomedical applications due to its biocompatible and noninflammatory properties
The abundant quantity and high quality of hydroxyapatite (HAP) in mammalian bones have made significant inroad in biomedical applications due to its biocompatible and noninflammatory properties. It is non-toxic, non-immunogenic and bioactive, which make it able to form a bond with the surrounding tissue after bone grafting (Rana et al, 2017). All these properties have made HAP useful in other applications including its use as a drug carrier (Kano et al, 1994) to selectively take drugs to the diseased cells in the body, replacement of bone tissues (Tang et al, 2009), reconstruction of skull defects (Staffa, et al, 2007), tissue engineering, biosensors (Salman et al, 2008), removal of heavy metals (Reichert et al, 2008) and as an important material in artificial bone synthesis (Hirata et al, 2008) because of its chemical and mineral phase that is closely related to bones and teeth, which is the reason for it use as titanium implantation coat in the body as it enables the body system to see the implantation as a natural bone (Mohammed, 2015)
Thermal Decomposition Characteristics The mass loss curve for the two bone samples are shown in Fig. 2 with mass loss around 100°C, which is associated with loss of moisture (Mkukuma et al, 2004)
Summary
The abundant quantity and high quality of hydroxyapatite (HAP) in mammalian bones have made significant inroad in biomedical applications due to its biocompatible and noninflammatory properties. It is non-toxic, non-immunogenic and bioactive, which make it able to form a bond with the surrounding tissue after bone grafting (Rana et al, 2017). Based on calculation by Omole and Ogbiye (2013), 900 tons of bone is yielded daily from slaughtered cows constituting a huge environmental pollution. This situation appears to be similar in other parts of the world. Having no religion sentiment associated with it making anything
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