Compositionally graded Fe/Co/Ni/NiFe/FeCoV soft magnetic materials

Abstract

Compositionally graded materials are attractive since the properties can be optimized according to the spatial requirement. We report the use of spark plasma sintering for the processing of compositionally graded magnetic materials. Magnetic, mechanical and electrical properties were screened using high throughput characterization techniques. A significant change in all these properties, e.g., saturation magnetization (Ms) ranging from 57 to 224 emu/g, Curie temperature (Tc) ranging from 358 to 1116 °C, and Vickers hardness ranging from 91 to 195 HV across the length of a single cylindrical sample was observed.Introduction: Elemental Fe, Co, Ni exhibit ferromagnetic behavior, and their alloys such as Fe-Co-2V (hiperco) and Ni-21Fe (permalloy) are well established commercially available soft magnetic materials. Fe-Co-2V exhibits an attractive combination of high saturation magnetization, high Curie temperature, high yield strength, and is very useful for high temperature magnetic applications. On the other hand, Permalloys exhibit low coercivity, high permeability, and moderate saturation magnetizations and are of high interest for transformers, electric motors and other electromagnetic devices. Magnetic components of a power electronic convertors functioning at high frequency can be >50 % of total weight of the system[1]. It has been demonstrated that graded properties of soft magnetic materials are beneficial for next generation power convertors/generators[2, 3]. Therefore, developing magnetic components with spatially optimized properties is of high interest[1].This work demonstrates the use of spark plasma sintering (SPS) for the accelerated preparation of a compositionally graded magnetic materials. Fe/Co/Ni/NiFe/FeCoV have been prepared using gas atomized spherical powders of Fe, Co, Ni, Ni-21Fe and Fe-Co-2V. This graded SPS technique produces a dense bulk metallic sample with discrete changes in composition, resulting in tunable, spatially optimized structural and functional properties.Experiment: Gas atomized prealloyed Fe-Co-2V and Ni-21Fe, and elemental Co, Fe and Ni, from Tosoh SMD Inc. were used as starting powders. The purity of all the powders is >99.9%. The 5 compositions were loaded layer by layer in a graphite die. Sintering of compositionally graded Fe/Co/Ni/NiFe/FeCoV soft magnetic materials was performed using a Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) equipment (Fuji Electronic Industrial, SPS-211LX) at a vacuum level below 8 Pa. The sample was vertically cut in two sections, one section was annealed at 800 °C for 4 h. The crystal structure of graded samples was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a Bruker D8 discover diffractometer (CuKa radiation). Elemental mapping was performed by an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer attached to the SEM. The magnetic properties were measured using a physical property measurement system (PPMS) (EverCool-II, Quantum Design), equipped with a vibrating sample magnetometer. The microhardness of the graded samples was measured by a Vickers hardness tester (Future-Tech).Results and conclusion: Saturation magnetization (Ms), Curie temperature (Tc) and Vickers hardness (HV) of a typical compositionally graded Fe-Co-Ni-NiFe-FeCoV sample are shown in figure 1. Both ends (Fe and FeCoV) of the sample exhibit Ms of >200 emu/g, while the central region, which is Ni, exhibits the minimum Ms of ~57 emu/g. The Curie temperature of the compositionally graded sample measured by employing a permanent magnet placed near the TGA pan. The Co region exhibits the highest Tc, with the Tc following the sequence of Co > FeCoV > Fe > NiFe > Ni. These Ms and Tc values closely matched with the values reported in earlier references. A significant change in mechanical properties across the sample was observed with a maximum Vickers hardness of 195 HV in the FeCoV region. Thus, SPS processed samples with spatially varying compositions were developed, relevant to the urgent need for magnetic components with spatially optimized properties.Acknowledgement: This work is supported by the AME Programmatic Fund by the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore under Grant No. A1898b0043. **