Abstract
The bacterial microbiota in the skin and intestine of patients with psoriasis were different compared with that of healthy individuals. However, the presence of a distinct blood microbiome in patients with psoriasis is yet to be investigated. In this study, we investigated the differences in bacterial communities in plasma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) between patients with moderate to severe psoriasis (PSOs) and healthy controls (HCs). The plasma EVs from the PSO (PASI > 10) (n = 20) and HC (n = 8) groups were obtained via a series of centrifugations, and patterns were examined and confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and EV-specific markers. The taxonomic composition of the microbiota was determined by using full-length 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. The PSO group had lower bacterial diversity and richness compared with HC group. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA)-based clustering was used to assess diversity and validated dysbiosis for both groups. Differences at the level of amplicon sequence variant (ASV) were observed, suggesting alterations in specific ASVs according to health conditions. The HC group had higher levels of the phylum Firmicutes and Fusobacteria than in the PSO group. The order Lactobacillales, family Brucellaceae, genera Streptococcus, and species Kingella oralis and Aquabacterium parvum were highly abundant in the HC group compared with the PSO group. Conversely, the order Bacillales and the genera Staphylococcus and Sphihgomonas, as well as Ralstonia insidiosa, were more abundant in the PSO group. We further predicted the microbiota functional capacities, which revealed significant differences between the PSO and HC groups. In addition to previous studies on microbiome changes in the skin and gut, we demonstrated compositional differences in the microbe-derived EVs in the plasma of PSO patients. Plasma EVs could be an indicator for assessing the composition of the microbiome of PSO patients.
Highlights
Chronic plaque psoriasis or psoriasis vulgaris is the most common form of psoriasis and has clinical features characterized by recurrent episodes of red and scaly skin plaques located on the scalp, elbows, knees, umbilicus, and lumbar region [1]
Plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) were isolated from the PSO and healthy controls (HCs) groups and identified and confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Nano-Flow Cytometry (nFCM), and Western blot analyses
Particle concentrations were determined to be (4.16 ± 1.38)109 and (2.75 ± 1.29)109 particle/mL for the HC and PSO groups, respectively. nFCM and Western blotting both were used to evaluate the purity of isolated EVs
Summary
Chronic plaque psoriasis or psoriasis vulgaris is the most common form of psoriasis and has clinical features characterized by recurrent episodes of red and scaly skin plaques located on the scalp, elbows, knees, umbilicus, and lumbar region [1]. EVs from bacteria, called membrane vesicles (MVs) or outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that originated from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively, contain microorganism-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), such as nucleic acid, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), peptidoglycan, or toxin to modulate immunity [16]. Those MAMPs are recognized by different families of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by both immune and nonimmune cells in the host and further trigger immunomodulatory signaling [17]. Studies have shown that the gut or skin microbiota play a critical role in psoriasis; no study has analyzed systemic microbiome factors. Full-length 16S metagenomic analysis identified biologically and statistically significant bacterial EV taxa as a diagnostic model
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