Abstract
Geophagy is the practice of deliberate consumption of soil and clay deposits by humans, birds and other animalsin the wild. It is closely related to pica, a classified eating disorder characterized by abnormal cravings fornon-food items. The focus of this work is to determine the compositional characteristics of the geophagic claysconsumed around Asaba, Benin, Ibadan and Aramoko-Ekiti areas in southern Nigeria in order to get an insightinto the role these clay constituents play in geophagy. This study includes XRD aided mineralogicaldetermination, chemical analysis of major and trace elements using ICP-MS instrumentation, physical testsincluding determination of Atterberg limits. Biological parameters such as the bacteriological content andnutritional value were also determined from in situ samples of geophagic clays. X-ray diffraction analysis of tenrepresentative samples collected from these areas show mineralogical composition of predominantly kaolinitewith minor palygorskite, nontronite, illite, K-feldspar and halloysite, while the nonclay fraction is mainly quartz..The relatively high percentage of fine grained kaolinite content in the geophagic clays is similar to that inkaolinite-based western medicines that are marketed for the purpose of alleviating gastrointestinal upsets. Thischaracteristic is also revealed in the chemical analysis of the study samples which show average values of majorelements such Si02 (50.9%), Al2O3 (25.4%) and Fe2O3 (2.9%); while MgO, P2O5 and Ba are all below 0.5%. Thebacteriological analysis shows high total bacteria count of 9.8 x 104 – 11.4 x 104 cfu/gm for the Asaba sampleswhile the Benin and Aramoko-Ekiti samples have an average total bacterial count of 2.1 x 104. Cfu/gm TheIbadan samples have the lowest total bacteria count of 0.2 x 104. cfu/gm. The low total bacteria count of theIbadan sample may be due to the baking of the sample before consumption as against samples from Asaba,consumed fresh. Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus acidiophilus are the two micro-organisms common toall samples. Analysis for nutritional value indicates that geophagic clays have little or no nutritional value forhumans. Results of this study show that the rich kaolinite content of these clays could serve as an antacid, whilebacteriological and trace element content reveals the harmful effect of these clays on consumers.
Highlights
Geophagy which is the practice of eating earthy or soil-like substances such as clay, and chalk, in order to obtain essential nutrients such as sulphur and phosphorus from the soil is widespread among humans, birds and animals
The focus of this work is to determine the compositional characteristics of the geophagic clays consumed around Asaba, Benin, Ibadan and Aramoko-Ekiti areas in southern Nigeria in order to get an insight into the role these clay constituents play in geophagy
Results of this study show that the rich kaolinite content of these clays could serve as an antacid, while bacteriological and trace element content reveals the harmful effect of these clays on consumers
Summary
Geophagy which is the practice of eating earthy or soil-like substances such as clay, and chalk, in order to obtain essential nutrients such as sulphur and phosphorus from the soil is widespread among humans, birds and animals. Recent research has highlighted the fact that geophagy is widespread throughout the animal kingdom. It has been reported for reptiles (Marlow and Tollestrup, 1982), birds (Diamond et al.,1999; Gilardi et al, 1999), mammals, certain herbivores (Kerulen and Jager, 1984; Kreulen, 1985) and many primates (Krishnamani and Mahaney, 2000). Human geophagy is closely related to pica, a classified eating disorder characterized by abnormal cravings for non food items. As such, it is lumped with aberrant behaviours like the consumption of starch, ice, paint, cigarette butts, and burnt matches. The main aim of this study is to determine the compositional features of the clay consumed by humans in the study areas, www.ccsenet.org/esr
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