Abstract
Enamel hypoplasia is the most common disease of hard tooth tissues of non-carious origin emerging before their eruption. It develops as a result of a delayed and perverse function of ameloblasts leading to the violation of the processes of formation and mineralization of tooth protein structures. The clinical manifestations of enamel hypoplasia are spots, defects in the form of pits, cup-shaped depressions, grooves on various surfaces of child’s teeth. The work is devoted to a comparative investigation of microstructural and compositional features of intact and hypoplastic enamel in children’s permanent teeth using analytical scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The hypoplastic enamel is enriched in organic substance and has an irregular structure without keyhole-shaped prismatic structure. Mineral deposition is indicated for hypoplastic enamel including hydroxyapatite with globular structure and calcite and halite, which might have been caused by the violation of extracellular local environment probably due to the enamel hypoplasia development.
Highlights
Phosphate biominerals of human tooth enamel and dentin consist mainly of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)10 hydroxyapatite mineral and are characterized by complex variable microstructure, morphology and chemical composition [1-3]
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images from hypoplastic enamel show a cracking irregular structure of superficial enamel layers with no enamel prisms (Fig. 2e and f)
Our study has demonstrated significant differences between intact and hypoplastic enamel, which are manifested through the micromorphological features of enamel surface
Summary
Phosphate biominerals of human tooth enamel and dentin consist mainly of Ca10(PO4)6(OH) hydroxyapatite mineral and are characterized by complex variable microstructure, morphology and chemical composition [1-3]. Enamel and dentin properties depend on biogeochemical conditions of residence area, ecological and professional factors, age, concomitant diseases, etc. Tooth enamel and dentin structure and texture peculiarities (such as specific surface area and volume, average size and the form of particles and pores, etc.) determine its physical-chemical and physiological properties like strength, penetrability, efficiency of exchange processes and others [1]. The morphology, chemical composition and structure of enamel are the main factors determining tooth resistance to carious and non-carious lesions. Enamel hypoplasia is the most common disease of hard tooth tissues of non-carious origin, which forms before they erupt [4,5]. According to foreign authors, the prevalence of enamel hypoplasia is from 5 to 40% [7,8]
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