Abstract
Este estudio explora los colorantes azules y azul-verdoso utilizados por la cultura Tolita-Tumaco de las costas antiguas de Ecuador y Colombia. Utilizando la difracción de Rayos X (DRX) y la microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) con la espectroscopía de energía dispersiva (EDS), se analizaron muestras de cada uno de los colorantes azul y azul-verdoso para identificar las composicións mineral. La muestra azul verdosa de una cerámica encontrada en La Tolita fue identificada como celadonita o glauconita. Las pruebas de DRX y SEM en una muestra azul de un fragmento de figurilla de cerámica encontrado a lo largo del río Mataje se identificaron tentativamente como los anfíboles sódicos glaucofano y riebeckite. Las pruebas de DRX sugieren además otros minerales que pueden afectar el color, como la cordierita, antigorita y celadonita o glauconita. La comparación intercultural proporciona información sobre cómo los grupos ecuatorianos costeros utilizaron estos colorantes y ejemplifica la naturaleza innovadora detrás de su creación. Parece que el desarrollo de azul y azul verdosa ecuatoriano se derivó de las tradiciones de colorantes locales, con algunas fuentes de pigmentos localizadas.
Highlights
Blue is the rarest color in nature and one of the more difficult colors to produce in a form stable enough to be a paintable substance
X-ray diffraction (XRD) results for the La Tolita sample demonstrated several clear peaks corresponding to the phyllosilicate minerals celadonite or glauconite (Fig. 7)
The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) point analyses demonstrated the presence of a magnesium-iron-aluminum phyllosilicate with high levels of potassium, consistent with either celadonite or glauconite (Fig. 8)
Summary
Blue is the rarest color in nature and one of the more difficult colors to produce in a form stable enough to be a paintable substance. To make the vibrant blues and blue-greens that decorated ceramics and architecture, ancient artists relied on their own ingenuity and what was naturally available, such as hard to find blue minerals. In ancient Mesoamerica, examples of Maya Blue and blue copper carbonate-based pigments are relatively widespread, but blue and blue-green ceramic colorants in ancient South America are almost non-existent. Coastal Ecuador during the Regional Development Period (RDP), dating from around 500 BC to 600 AD, may be one of the only places in South America where blue and blue-green colorants were used on ceramics. The post-fire blue and blue-green colorants used along the northern coast of Ecuador are notable for their vivid colors and longevity.
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