Abstract
Essential oils can be used as an alternative to using synthetic insecticides for pest management. Therefore, the insectistatic and insecticidal activities of the essential oil of aerial parts of Salvia ballotiflora (Lamiaceae) were tested against the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The results demonstrated insecticidal and insectistatical activities against this insect pest with concentrations at 80 µg·mL−1 resulting in 20% larval viability and 10% pupal viability. The larval viability fifty (LV50) corresponded to a concentration of 128.8 µg·mL−1. This oil also increased the duration of the larval phase by 5.5 days and reduced the pupal weight by 29.2% withrespect to the control. The GC-MS analysis of the essential oil of S. ballotiflora showed its main components to be caryophyllene oxide (15.97%), and β-caryophyllene (12.74%), which showed insecticidal and insectistatical activities against S. frugiperda. The insecticidal activity of β-caryophyllene began at 80 µg·mL−1, giving a larval viability of 25% and viability pupal of 20%. The insectistatic activity also started at 80 µg·mL−1 reducing the pupal weight by 22.1% with respect to control. Caryophyllene oxide showed insecticidal activity at 80 µg·mL−1 giving a larval viability of 35% and viability pupal of 20%.The insectistatic activity started at 400 µg·mL−1 and increased the larval phase by 8.8% days with respect to control. The LV50 values for these compounds were 153.1 and 146.5 µg·mL−1, respectively.
Highlights
IntroductionThe caterpillar of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a significant polyphagous insect pest of agricultural importance, for the damage it causes, and due to its control difficulties [1]
The caterpillar of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a significant polyphagous insect pest of agricultural importance, for the damage it causes, and due to its control difficulties [1].This species inhabits the American continent from southern Canada to Argentina and causes considerable economic losses in several important crops such as maize, sorghum, rice, cotton, alfalfa, forage grasses, and occasionally other crops in the majority of the countries within its range [2,3,4]
In the essential oil from Salvia verbenaca, caryophyllene oxide was the main component with 7.28% [20]
Summary
The caterpillar of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a significant polyphagous insect pest of agricultural importance, for the damage it causes, and due to its control difficulties [1]. There has been a growing interest in botanical resources with activity against insect pests This need has originated from the demand to provide alternatives to reduce the use of synthetic insecticides, which can have adverse effects on the environment [9]. According Koul et al [10] these substances are defined as any volatile oil(s) that have strong aromatic components and that give a distinctive odor, flavor or scent to a plant. Many plant essential oils obtained from Salvia species and their constituent compounds have been evaluated against insect pests and a number of them have shown considerable promise for the development of natural repellents/insecticides [11,12,13,14]. S. frugiperda of the essential oil of the aerial parts of Salvia ballotiflora (Lamiaceae) and its main components
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