Abstract
Archaeological structures are often filled with sediments and may serve as effective dust traps. The physical parameters and chemical composition of archaeological soils in hilltop ruins, ancient runoff-collecting terraces, and cleanout spoils of cisterns were determined in the Petra region in southern Jordan and the Northern Negev in Israel. Different types of ruins are characterized by certain soil structures, but could not be distinguished with regard to substrate composition. This reflects a predominance of aeolian processes for primary sedimentation, while fluvial processes seem to only re-distribute aeolian material. In the Petra region, the physical and chemical properties of all archaeological soils show a significant local contribution from associated weathered rocks. Compared to modern settled dust, archaeological soils in Southern Jordan are enriched with various major and trace elements associated with clays and oxide coatings of fine silt particles. This seems connected with preferential fixation of silt and clay by surface crusts, and a role of moisture in sedimentation processes as calcareous silt was found to be deposited in greater amounts when associated with precipitation. In contrast, the contribution of rocks is negligible in the Negev due to greater rock hardness and abundant biological crusts that seal surfaces. Archaeological soils in the Negev are chemically similar to current settled dust, which consists of complex mixtures of local and remote sources, including significant portions of recycled material from paleosols. Archaeological soils are archives of Holocene dust sources and aeolian sedimentation processes, with accretion rates exceeding those of Pleistocene hilltop loess in the Negev. Comparison with Pleistocene paleosols suggests that dust sources did not change significantly, but disappearance of snow could have reduced dust accumulation during the Holocene.
Highlights
Pleistocene loess deposits are widespread in the Central and Northern Negev desert
In order to address the question how different types of ruins recorded dust deposition, we studied three types of archaeological structures in the Northern Negev in Israel and in the Petra region in Southern Jordan: (1) ruins of buildings on hilltops, (2) agricultural terraces, and (3) cleanout spoils from cisterns
Calcaric Leptosols are present in hilltop ruins and Protic Colluvic Calcaric Regosol profiles are present on terraces
Summary
Pleistocene loess deposits are widespread in the Central and Northern Negev desert. They are important environmental archives: loess profiles were investigated as records of dust deposition, Atmosphere 2019, 10, 762; doi:10.3390/atmos10120762 www.mdpi.com/journal/atmosphereAtmosphere 2019, 10, 762 accumulation, and soil development [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. Pleistocene loess deposits are widespread in the Central and Northern Negev desert. They are important environmental archives: loess profiles were investigated as records of dust deposition, Atmosphere 2019, 10, 762; doi:10.3390/atmos10120762 www.mdpi.com/journal/atmosphere. Holocene deposits of settling dust in the Negev are hardly recorded [20]. This has been attributed to pronounced rainfalls which lead to erosion rather than accumulation [21]. Stronger winds during the Pleistocene (with its comparatively longer time frame than the Holocene) have been proposed to produce silt-sized particles by abrasion of mobilized sand dunes [11,23]. It seems likely that other processes than aeolian abrasion governed dust supply, and that silt deposition may have been mainly a result of medium-range transport [25]
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