Composites Based on Hydroxyapatite and Whey Protein Isolate for Applications in Bone Regeneration.

Dagmara Słota,Timothy E L Douglas,Bożena Tyliszczak,Agnieszka Sobczak-Kupiec,Mateusz M Urbaniak,Magdalena Głąb,Krzysztof Miernik,Paulina Rusek-Wala,Karolina Rudnicka

doi:10.3390/ma14092317

Dagmara Słota, Timothy E L Douglas + Show 7 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092317

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Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a bioactive ceramic with great potential for the regeneration of the skeletal system. However, its mechanical properties, especially its brittleness, limit its application. Therefore, in order to increase its ability to transmit stresses, it can be combined with a polymer phase, which increases its strength without eliminating the important aspect of bioactivity. The presented work focuses on obtaining organic–inorganic hydrogel materials based on whey protein isolate (WPI) reinforced with nano-HAp powder. The proportion of the ceramic phase was in the range of 0–15%. Firstly, a physicochemical analysis of the materials was performed using XRD, FT-IR and SEM. The hydrogel composites were subjected to swelling capacity measurements, potentiometric and conductivity analysis, and in vitro tests in four liquids: distilled water, Ringer’s fluid, artificial saliva, and simulated body fluid (SBF). The incubation results demonstrated the successful formation of new layers of apatite as a result of the interaction with the fluids. Additionally, the influence of the materials on the metabolic activity according to ISO 10993-5:2009 was evaluated by identifying direct contact cytotoxicity towards L-929 mouse fibroblasts, which served as a reference. Moreover, the stimulation of monocytes by hydrogels via the induction of nuclear factor (NF)-κB was investigated. The WPI/HAp composite hydrogels presented in this study therefore show great potential for use as novel bone substitutes.

Highlights

Introduction published maps and institutional affilAdvances in civilization’s changes in lifestyle and aging societies in the developed world are resulting in an increasing occurrence of the so-called diseases of the 21st century.These non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are chronic, lifestyle-related and non-infectious to others
X-ray analysis suggests that the substance were pure, and the only phase identified by X-rays in the examined powders was HAp
We have shown that hydrogel materials consisting of whey protein isolate (WPI) with a ceramic phase of HAp A or HAp B met the ISO 10993-5: 2009 criterion for maintaining the in vitro viability of at least 70% of the cells exposed to the biomaterial

Summary

Introduction

Advances in civilization’s changes in lifestyle and aging societies in the developed world are resulting in an increasing occurrence of the so-called diseases of the 21st century. These non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are chronic, lifestyle-related and non-infectious to others. Hypertension, Alzheimer’s disease and osteoporosis are increasingly common. It is estimated that currently more than 200 million people are affected, and that it causes over 8.9 million fragility fractures each year [3,4]. It affects every third woman and every fifth man aged iations

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