Abstract
This research was designed to synthesize a composite catalyst of palm oil fly ash-impregnated calcium oxide prepared from eggshell waste. Several preparation conditions, such as temperature and time applied to calcination and dehydration processes, were investigated. As a result, the optimum temperature and the length of time of calcination were 900 °C and 3 h, respectively. Meanwhile, the dehydration process was performed optimally at 600 °C for 3 h. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate that the obtained catalyst mostly contained calcium oxide compounds (CaO and Ca(OH)2) and minor impurities of silica oxides (SiO2 and Ca2SiO4), with a catalyst-specific surface area of 30.24 m2/g. Regarding its catalytic performance, the composite catalyst proved successful for prospective application the in transesterification of palm oil off-grade, resulting in methyl palmitate and methyl oleate, which are two biodiesel compounds.
Highlights
The unstoppable growing human population, along with the increase in fossil fuel prices and environmental damage, have urged scientific research to focus on finding renewable and eco-friendly energy alternatives
The color change due to the addition of calcium oxide (CaO)/palm mill fly ash (PMFA) catalysts was not observed in 4-nitroaniline. These results reveal that the basic strength of the CaO/PMFA catalysts was within 9.3 < H_ < 18
Off-grade palm oil purchased from the local factory in Riau, Indonesia, was used as feedstock raw material in this present work, while fly ash was obtained from a palm oil refinery
Summary
The unstoppable growing human population, along with the increase in fossil fuel prices and environmental damage, have urged scientific research to focus on finding renewable and eco-friendly energy alternatives. Indonesia provides an abundant biomass resource from agriculture products or even waste. This biomass contains energy from carbon compounds, such as cellulose [14], fatty acids [15,16,17], lignins [18], and pectins [19,20,21], which can be degraded to obtain fuel materials such as biogas [22], chars [23], or biodiesel [24,25]. Some of the commonly used catalysts are sodium or potassium hydroxides, carbonates, and alkoxides. These catalysts, are difficult to separate, producing a huge amount of wastewater, and contributing to emulsification [28]
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