Abstract
PurposeElevated plasma concentration of retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) has recently emerged as a potential risk factor as a component of developing metabolic syndrome (MS). Therefore, this study aimed to analyse the relationship between components of MS and concentrations of plasma RBP4 in a population of subjects 65 years and older.MethodsThe study sample consisted of 3038 (1591 male) participants of the PolSenior study, aged 65 years and older. Serum lipid profile, concentrations of RBP4, glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein, IL-6, and activity of aminotransferases were measured. Nutritional status (BMI/waist circumference) and treatment with statins and fibrates were evaluated. Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), de Ritis ratio, and fatty liver index (FLI), as well as HOMA-IR were calculated.ResultsOur study revealed a strong relationship between components of MS and RBP4 in both sexes: plasma RBP4 levels were increased in men by at least 3×, and in women by at least 4×. Hypertriglyceridemia was most strongly associated with elevated plasma RBP4 levels. Multivariate, sex-adjusted regression analysis demonstrated that chronic kidney disease [OR 1.86 (95% CI 1.78–1.94)], hypertriglyceridemia [OR 1.52 (1.24–1.87)], hypertension [OR 1.15 (1.12–1.19)], low serum HDL cholesterol [OR 0.94 (0.92–0.97)], and age > 80 years [OR 0.86 (0.81–0.90)] were each independently associated with RBP4 concentration (all p < 0.001).ConclusionsIn Caucasians 65 years and older, RBP4 serum levels are associated with a number of components of MS, independent of sex and kidney function. Hypertriglyceridemia as a component of MS is most significantly related to RBP4 concentration.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a set of abnormalities which include visceral obesity, carbohydrate metabolism disturbances or type 2 diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, decreased HDL cholesterol levels, and elevated blood pressure, [1,2,3,4,5]
It has been shown that retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is one of the adipokines that participates in the development of insulin resistance by impairing insulin signalling at both the receptor and post-receptor levels, as well as by stimulation of liver gluconeogenesis [11]
Similar plasma RBP4 levels were found in men and women
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a set of abnormalities which include visceral obesity, carbohydrate metabolism disturbances or type 2 diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, decreased HDL cholesterol levels, and elevated blood pressure, [1,2,3,4,5]. Increased volume of visceral adipocytes is associated with local inflammation, followed by changes in adipokine release by visceral adipose tissue and low grade systemic inflammation. Both endocrine dysfunction of adipose tissue and systemic inflammation promote development of insulin resistance. It has been shown that retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) is one of the adipokines that participates in the development of insulin resistance by impairing insulin signalling at both the receptor and post-receptor levels, as well as by stimulation of liver gluconeogenesis [11]. Higher plasma RBP4 levels were reported in insulinresistant humans and mice [11, 13] as well as patients with type 2 diabetes [11, 14], hypertriglyceridemia [15], atherogenic dyslipidaemia [16, 17], and hypertension [18,19,20]
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