Component-Based Modelling for Scalable Smart City Systems Interoperability: A Case Study on Integrating Energy Demand Response Systems.

Esther Palomar,Jonathan Bowen,Sabita Maharjan,Xiaohong Chen,Zhiming Liu

doi:10.3390/s16111810

Abstract

Smart city systems embrace major challenges associated with climate change, energy efficiency, mobility and future services by embedding the virtual space into a complex cyber-physical system. Those systems are constantly evolving and scaling up, involving a wide range of integration among users, devices, utilities, public services and also policies. Modelling such complex dynamic systems’ architectures has always been essential for the development and application of techniques/tools to support design and deployment of integration of new components, as well as for the analysis, verification, simulation and testing to ensure trustworthiness. This article reports on the definition and implementation of a scalable component-based architecture that supports a cooperative energy demand response (DR) system coordinating energy usage between neighbouring households. The proposed architecture, called refinement of Cyber-Physical Component Systems (rCPCS), which extends the refinement calculus for component and object system (rCOS) modelling method, is implemented using Eclipse Extensible Coordination Tools (ECT), i.e., Reo coordination language. With rCPCS implementation in Reo, we specify the communication, synchronisation and co-operation amongst the heterogeneous components of the system assuring, by design scalability and the interoperability, correctness of component cooperation.

Highlights

Interoperability challenges of smart city systems can be overcome with an open architecture approach that facilitates the integration of devices and applications and enables seamless sharing of data between systems and reuse of code
In 2014, Palomar et al [1] introduced an extension of the refinement calculus of component and object systems modelling method [2,3] that supports the development of a smart community demand response (DR) system [4,5]
This article presents the implementation of the refinement of Cyber-Physical Component Systems architecture using Reo Coordination Language [7] and Eclipse Extensible Coordination Tools (ECT) [8]. rCPCS captures the evolving nature of the system architecture and helps in dealing with the dynamically growing functional complexity of the proposed DR framework, which comprises a number of distributed, dynamic components deployed over large networks of heterogeneous platforms

Summary

Introduction

Interoperability challenges of smart city systems can be overcome with an open architecture approach that facilitates the integration of devices and applications and enables seamless sharing of data between systems and reuse of code. In 2014, Palomar et al [1] introduced an extension of the refinement calculus of component and object systems (rCOS) modelling method [2,3] that supports the development of a smart community demand response (DR) system [4,5]. An aggregator coordinates and optimises neighbourhood-level aggregated power demand, given the total hourly power consumption across neighbouring households, with the available supply from renewables at the utility sub-station. Both the cooperation of the consumers targeting the available renewable energy supply and the heterogeneity. This article presents the implementation of the refinement of Cyber-Physical Component Systems (rCPCS) architecture using Reo Coordination Language [7] and Eclipse Extensible Coordination Tools (ECT) [8]. rCPCS captures the evolving nature of the system architecture and helps in dealing with the dynamically growing functional complexity of the proposed DR framework, which comprises a number of distributed, dynamic components deployed over large networks of heterogeneous platforms

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion