Abstract
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a side effect of neuroleptic treatment. Studies report up to 60% prevalence in chronically treated patients. Although many patients develop only milder forms, its complications present a serious health care problem and also can be misdiagnosed. We propose and describe the following classification: Medical or primary complications at times resemble symptoms of medical illnesses and arise directly from abnormal involuntary movements of a particular muscle group. They include disturbances of gait and posture, gastrointestinal function, speech, and respiration. Psychosocial or secondary complications at times resemble symptoms of psychiatric illnesses and arise indirectly from the general presence of abnormal involuntary movements. They include suicide and possible increased mortality, occupational impairment, and social stigmatization.
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